Holden and the Canon Evaluating the Aesthetic and Classic Status of The Catcher in the Rye - Literature Essay Samples

J.D Salinger’s ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ has been controversial since its release in 1951. Its focus on crude and sexual subject matter means it was banned in many places, even in some American schools today. Works in the canon, sometimes referred to as ‘the classics’ are broadly defined as works that, because of their innate literary value, are ‘regularly in print’, have ‘a consensus of academics, historians and teachers’ and ‘are studied for school examinations’[1]. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ has consistently been in the top 100 novels since its publication, but has struggled to gain either a consensus among critics or a reputable academic following. This essay shall explore what has held ‘Catcher’ back from canonical status, despite its broad and long-standing popularity, and whether it is the text or the canon itself that should come under question. [1] Critical Anthology- Section 6 Critics who dismiss ‘Catcher in the Rye’ have generally done so because they consider the writing to be simplistic or unrefined. Canonical texts are usually expected to be ‘aesthetic’ and therefore ‘Elegant, witty, patterned, controlled.’[1] Some critics will particularly highlight that ‘Writers do not simply choose ‘ordinary’ words, like the words we use for conversation.’2 It is perhaps in this light that Catcher falls down, as the narration often uses an informal sociolect with profanity and slang like ‘godamn’, aswell as unsophisticated compound adjectives like ‘pimpy-looking’ creating an unrefined style for the text. On the other hand this is accompanied by sophisticated language devices throughout the novel, which is full of recurrent metaphors and symbolism. One example is the ‘duck pond’ in New York: ‘You know those ducks in that lagoon right near Central Park South? That little lake? By any chance, do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over?’. Not only does his repeated questioning about the ducks connote his curious child-like nature, but it also symbolises to Holden what he desires- impermanent change- that the ducks return every Spring. This exemplifies literary devices in the novel which, although simplistic in presentation, demonstrate aesthetic themes woven into the structure, thereby raising the apparent ‘value’ of the writing. [1] Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Students of English Literature by M. Montgomery- Critical Anthology Conversely, though, we may consider that the literary value of ‘Catcher’ can be found in this ‘simplistic or unrefined’ language too. The use of a vernacular which doesn’t conform to formal or literary English arguably adds value to the text because, through his repeated motifs of ‘phony’, ‘madman’ or ‘godamn’, Holden constructs his unique idiolect. This helps him to assert his own characteristic cult of individualism, which the novel inspired in popular culture too, using language and tone to create imagery for the character himself and thereby reflecting one of the dominant themes in the novel through linguistic self-isolation and individualism. We may therefore deduce that, although there are certainly traditionally aesthetic elements in Salinger’s work, there is, in conflict with literary consensus, value to be found in the ‘unrefined’ elements of Caulfield’s writing too. Another supposed requirement for ‘classics’ is that they stand the ‘test of time’, largely because their subject matter is not considered ephemeral or commercial but ‘for all time’, notably ‘they are unlikely to be at the same time texts which discuss specific political questions’2. Even before entering the debate however, it is important to recognise that many classics when first produced were indeed commercial, be it Shakespeare or Dickens. ‘Catcher in the Rye’ comes under potential criticism here as ephemeral and possibly politicised as it may be considered too symptomatic of the angsty 1950s period in which it was set and written. To an extent this is true since the novel was written at the beginning of counter-cultural revolt culminating in the 1960s and elements such as Caulfield’s time at a ‘prep school’ and flunking all subjects except creative writing are autobiographical of Salinger, who is known for regarding himself especially as an outsider. Sociologists in the 50s began to fear the ‘homogenisation’ of culture, with Riesman warning of an ‘other-directed’ man[1] who conforms to society. For Holden, the motif ‘phony’ covers everything in society that justifies his isolation from it ‘One of the biggest reasons I left Elkton Hills was because I was surrounded by phonies. That’s all. They were coming in the goddam window’- linking his mental sickness with the relevant societal sickness in the 50’s conformist, materialist culture. This implies that perhaps the counter-cultural, isolationist and individualistic aspects of ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ are in fact intrinsically linked with issues rooted in the author or period and therefore less significant ‘for all time’. [1] The Catcher in the Rye: The Voice of Alienation by Timothy Aubry, assistant professor of English at Baruch Colle ge, The City University of New York- http://alanreinstein.com/site/213_Catcher_files/voice.of.alienation.aubry.pdf However, many have seen ‘Catcher in the Rye’ as being invaluable in its subject-matter as it helped establish, through Salinger’s innovative almost anti-bildungsroman form, a new genre in the teenage perspective. It has been said by critics that ‘It is the first novel of the modern teenage years.’ and that ‘There is a strong dialogue between the book and the teenage experience- they are mutually shaping.’[1] Indeed, the angsty tone and unreliable narration help to capture something of the, previously unacknowledged, ‘teen spirit’. Holden is the perfect allegory for holding onto childhood and innocence through the teenage experience- helping create value. One aspect of this is the recurrent mental analepsis concerning his brother Allie: ‘Hes dead now. He got leukemia and died when we were up in Maine, on July 18, 1946. Youd have liked him. He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He was terrifically intelligent. His teachers were always writing letters to my mother, telling her what a pleasure it was having a boy like Allie in their class.’ Holden was 13 when he died, significantly the start of puberty, thereby helping to construct an allegory in which Holden’s longing for Allie comes to symbolise his longing for childhood. Similarly, the book’s titular extended metaphor in which Holden describes his ideal life as ‘the catcher in the rye’- ‘What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff— I mean if they’re running and they don’t look where they’re going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That’s all I’d do all day. I’d just be the catcher in the rye and all.’ The use of the pastoral refuge imagery demonstrates Holden’s desire to return to a better time where he stops kids falling off ‘cliff’s into a dulthood and experience. Such a theme is seen constantly in the novel, including later in the ‘Natural History Museum’- ‘The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. You could go there a hundred thousand times’- representing his deep longing for things to stay as they were. These demonstrate not only established and moving literary techniques, adding value, but also a central theme of such importance that it helped establish a genre. The teenage experience is a significant aspect of life universally and therefore Catcher not only stands the test of time but also brings something new and necessary to the ‘classics’. [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm Dr. Graham (Leicester University) Both the preceding points of genre and language raised issues about what gives ‘value’, about how we define and assign literary worth. Barthes raises this issue in his work, where he explores the idea of ‘readerly’ and ‘writerly’ texts[1], each deriving their value from different forms of pleasure. The canon, comprising mostly ‘writerly’ literature is about challenging the reader and producing something artistically beautiful. ‘Readerly’ texts on the other hand provide pleasure to the reader by immersing them in another world or person’s story, the reader may forget that they are in fact reading, and language may not be as complex or patterned. The informal direct address used by Holden, for example, such as ‘I’ll just tell you about this madman stuff’, pulling us into his world and including us in his superior perspective, or the angst-ridden tone mirroring teen’s inner conflicts, have just as much value to a consumer, regardless of canonical ‘aesthetic’. It is therefore worth considering alternative theories of literary value such as Barthes’s when deciding whether ‘Catcher in the Rye’ has a place in the canon, particularly in appreciating both its evident ‘readerly’ and ‘writerly’ aspects. [1] Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Student of English Literature by M.Montgomery- Critical Anthology Perhaps one observable failing in ‘Catcher in the Rye’ is that ‘Plot is in short supply.’[1] It’s supposed to form ‘complex patterns or structures’[2], and is arguably an important factor even in establishing ‘readerly’ value as it creates interesting storylines. Often there are narrative gaps in Holden’s storylines, sometimes left unconcluded with a relatively cyclical arc, leaving readers without a sense of resolution or explanation- ‘That’s all I’m going to tell you about. I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and what school I’m supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I don’t feel like it.’ It is easy to feel as though nothing of consequence occurred in this novel. Another reading of the text however, is that the narrative is a mental one, as opposed to a more solid material one, in line with its experimental an ti-bildungsroman form. Although the text only covers three days of Holden’s life it feels significantly longer due to the lack of distinct chronological markers and even the absence of consistent paragraphing, with some anecdotes rambling on for multiple pages. These however are excellent structural imagery for an inner monologue. The distortion of time and lack of impetus or direction in plot may be addressed by the fact that this reflects Holden himself, who in his depressed and deteriorating mental state lacks all of these things. It does, indeed then, in this psychoanalytical reading ‘form complex patterns and structures, either being echoed by other ideas in the text or reaffirmed in the form of general themes.’ 7 taking us on a journey through the unstable mind. [1] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm BBC Magazine Why does Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye still resonate?, created 5/6/05 [2] Ways of Reading: Advanced Reading Skills for Stude nt of English Literature by M.Montgomery- Critical Anthology Overall then, an exploration of general literary features such as form, plot and language, demonstrates how ‘Catcher’ fulfils many of the aesthetic ‘conditions’ for literary value through sophisticated devices and complex, consistent themes. This is the case even if the presentation of them is unconventional within the established canon. Interestingly, Holden’s central themes resonate with canonised heroes of American literature like Gatsby or Huckleberry; be it the social insider turned prisoner, the unique idiolect or the Romantic’s legacy of innocence battling experience. The text does however raise questions about how we assign value to literature such as whether politicised subject matter has a place or whether readers’ pleasure is as important as aesthetic worth. It’s worthwhile noting that the canon can be criticised as a group of texts selected by ruling elites, middle classes or older generations of critics and it’ s therefore highly reasonable to consider these alternative aspects when discussing value. ‘Catcher in the Rye’ certainly benefits from such a discussion as the dissident narrator, the nonstandard vernacular and the personal form all add value despite all being points of potential criticism too. It is through a combination of conformist and alternative literary value that ‘Catcher in the Rye’ has a place within the canon, perhaps most pertinently through its attempts to not be a ‘classic’. Bibliography A-Level English Literature B Critical Anthology by AQA, Cambridge University Press 2015 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8084931.stm BBC Magazine Why does Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye still resonate?, created 5/6/05 https://study.com/academy/lesson/why-is-the-catcher-in-the-rye-a-classic.html%20-%20lesson – Study.com Why is Catcher in the Rye a Classic? https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/catcher/context.html SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Catcher in the Rye.† Context, accessed 20/07/17 http://studentacademichelp.blogspot.co.uk/2009/05/catcher-in-rye-holden-caulfield-and.html An essay from Academic Help, The Catcher in the Rye: Holden Caulfield and American Protest, created 21/5/09 http://alanreinstein.com/site/213_Catcher_files/voice.of.alienation.aubry.pdf The Catcher in the Rye: The Voice of Alienation by Timothy Aubry, assistant professor of English at Baruch College, The City University of New York, The Guilder Lehrman Institute of American Hi story

Philosophy Dissertation - 275 Words

Employment at Will Due Process Affirmative Action: The Legal Moral Context (Dissertation Sample) Content: Name:Instructor:Course:Date:Employment at WillFrom the five attempts to justify employment at will, the most persuasive one is that extending the due process rights in the workplace will interfere with the productivity and efficiency of business organization. Due process creates illegitimate restrictions on individuals freedom to establish conditions that guide their own work. It does not ensure fairness. It does not allow non-contracted employees to quit at any time and for any season. Such restrictions amount to slavery. Employment at will gives employees the freedom to quit their jobs without a just cause. This argument is persuasive enough to rise above the objections offered by Patricia Werhane. Werhane had claimed that employment at will gives employees more power than the employers. Werhane is against freedom and fairness, but the argument that due process interferes with productivity and efficiency of organizations holds more water because it amounts to slaver y. Sometimes, recruiters are legally permitted, although not required to use the fact of minority status as a positive factor of job applications for a certain position. However, as a professional, I would not do so because it is unethical. Any owner is supposed to be an equal opportunity employer. Therefore, using certain protected characteristics to give some people an upper hand discriminates ...

Essay on America’s War on Terrorism - 2451 Words

America’s War on Terrorism The world has been changed forever since the tragic attack on September 11, 2001. An observer described the atrocity by saying, It just went bam, like a bomb went off. It was like holy hell (CNN 1). The new world will be different from what any American has known before. A new war has arisen, not against a foreign country or a major region of the world, but rather against a select group of people who have the capabilities to destroy the lives of so many. The war against terrorism which the United States is now forced to wage will not be an easily won battle. This war will not be fought solely on scattered battlefields in certain countries. It will instead permeate through every aspect of life as we†¦show more content†¦It respects less developed nations independence. In this way, the superpower becomes somewhat isolationist, because a superpower usually has the ability to be self-reliant if needs be. 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Advice for Employees on national minimum wage rate and Sales of Goods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1643 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Tags: Advice Essay Minimum Wage Essay Did you like this example?    Table of Contents Task 1: Advice for Employees to get there legal requirement of the national minimum wage rate: Task 3: Rights of Customers written in sales of goods act 1979: You may have extra rights where: What are you entitled to? Damages Proving the fault References: . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advice for Employees on national minimum wage rate and Sales of Goods" essay for you Create order Task 1: Advice for Employees to get their legal requirement of the national minimum wage rate: Dickens (1999) argues that there is clearly a requirement to gauge the effect of the presentation of the base wage in various extents, including business, as a component of the arrangement assessment. Whats more in the setting of the global least wage banter about the late UK experience might be seen as giving a vital semi test. Since its presentation emulated a period without any base, the UK case permits immediate examination of the essential connection between a singulars position in the compensation dissemination and consequent work probabilities without a base pay and after that examination of any post-intercession change in the relationship. As the Low Pay Commission call attention to, this was a significant intercession in the labour market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they evaluated that in overabundance of 1.5 million workers (6.4%) were qualified for a compensation expand as a consequence of its presentation (Low Pay Commission, 2000). It in this manner gives the chance to explo re the impact on work of huge compensation increments for a substantial aggregation of specialists. An extra preference for the test to be led is that the confirmation on the presentation of the UK least wage recommends an absence of overflow impacts onto the wages of higher paid specialists. Alan Manning (1999) told that the beginning stage of the methodology is that, different things equivalent, one might want the gathering of laborers whose wages must be raised to conform to the new least (i.e. those at first underneath the base) to be more influenced than an aggregation from higher up the compensation dissemination. An immediate examination of the two assemblies wont be proper to distinguish any causal impact since, even without a base wage; those at the lowest part of the pay dispersion have easier resulting livelihood probabilities. Card (2000) narrated that this has the effect in-contrasts approach a common one to take. The contrast between the two gatherings in a perio d influenced by the base pay could be contrasted and the comparable distinction in a prior period when no base compensation was set up. In the event that settled expenses for every laborer are high the superintendent will have a tendency to cut the amount of laborers and extend the workweek for those that remain. In the occasion, the altered expenses of low paid specialists are moderately low: they are low talented, have minimal at work preparing and high labour turnover. Along these lines, hours are more inclined to fall than ascent. Krueger (2000) explained that at last, UK labour law guidelines concerning excess and uncalled for release for instance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" compels firms which craving to conform work downwards (OECD 2006). Subsequently any starting conformity may go along the escalated instead of far reaching edge. Exertion contemplations clue at hours for every laborer being unaltered as opposed to cut. Assuming that the firm now obliges more terrific exerti on such that the assignments get finished in 8 hours as opposed to 10 then we might need a cut in hours. Yet there does not appear to be much scope for this to happen in segments like accommodation, retail, hairdressing, security or consideration homes. Maybe it is conceivable in cleaning, agribusiness and nourishment preparing. The counter contention is as takes after. Full-time specialists are paid (for every hour) more than proportional low maintenance workers. This suggests that full-time laborers are more gainful. Assuming this is the case, firms could be required to stretch the work week in light of a base wage as opposed to decreasing hour Task 3: Rights of Customers written in sales of goods act 1979: The Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as altered) states that products ought to be: Of attractive quality Goods are of agreeable quality assuming that they meet a standard which a sensible individual might see as being acceptable, making note of any depiction connected to them, the cost (if pertinent) and all other applicable circumstances. Acceptable quality likewise incorporates the state and state of the products, their fitness for the reason for which they were supplied, presence and completion, their wellbeing and sturdiness and if they are free from minor deformities. Open explanations made by the dealer, maker or their delegate identifying with particular qualities of the products, especially in promoting or on labelling must be precise and are an element in figuring out if merchandise are of attractive quality. Fit for the reason made known to the broker Goods must be fit for their universally useful and any specific reason that a buyer makes known to the merchant at the t ime of procurement. For instance, in the event that you purchase a resting pack it must function as a dozing sack. Assuming that you make it clear before you purchase it that you require it for -40 degree conditions and the merchant states it will be suitable then it ought to be suitable. As portrayed Goods should relate with any depiction associated with them. when would you say you are not qualified for anything? If the dealer made you mindful that the merchandise were defective before you purchased them. If the deficiency was evident and it might have been sensible to have recognized it on examination before purchasing the merchandise If you brought on any harm yourself If you have altered your opinion about the merchandise for instance they are the wrong size or you dont prefer the colour. You may have extra rights where: The contract to purchase merchandise includes credit. For additional data, look at the Your rights when purchasing using a credit card handout If you purchase merchandise by separation implies (without eye to eye contact, for example, on the web, inventory, phone) by and large you are qualified for a chilling period and can return products regardless of the fact that you have altered your opinion. For additional data, look at the Shopping from home handout. You have consented to purchase merchandise in your home, someone else home, your spot of business or throughout a trip organised by the merchant at a spot far from their standard spot of business. For additional data, look at the Your rights to drop when purchasing at. What are you entitled to? If the goods do not conform to the contract, in other words are not of satisfactory quality, fit for purpose or as described, you are legally entitled to one of the following remedies: A full refund Repair or replacement Rescission (cancelling) or reduction in price Damages If you have been sold broken merchandise, you are qualified for case from the broker any immediate overheads which you have acquired. This is called weighty misfortune. Case in point, if your clothes washer created a deficiency and apparel was torn, you could guarantee for the expense of the dress and in addition looking for repair, shift, full or fractional discount from the merchant. Demonstrating the issue If you expect to reject the merchandise for a full discount on the grounds that you have not acknowledged them, it is you, the buyer, who requirements to demonstrate that there has been a break of agreement in that the products are not of acceptable quality, fit for reason or as portrayed at the time of procurement. Assuming that you have acknowledged the merchandise and are looking for repair or trade inside the initial six months after buy, it is for the broker to demonstrate that the products adjusted to the agreement (were not defective) at the time they were sold to you. If you are guaranteeing repair or swap more than six months after buy, the trouble of confirmation is once again to you, the shopper. If you are in question with the broker, you may need to acquire a master slant to build what the issue is, the manner by which it was brought on, what it will take to deal with the issue and who is to be faulted. For additional data, look at the Getting Evidence to Prove Your Claim pamphlet. References: Abowd, John M., Francis Kramarz, David N. Margolis and Thomas Philippon (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Tail of Two Countries: Minimum Wages and Employment in France and the United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , mimeo, CREST, Paris, September. Angrist, Joshua and Alan Krueger (1999), Empirical Strategies in Labor Economics, in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier). Blundell, Richard, Alan Duncan and Costas Meghir (1998), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Estimating Labor Supply Responses Using Tax Reformsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Econometrica, 66, 827-861. Brown, Charles (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages, Employment and the Distribution of Incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in O. Ashenfelter and D. Card (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3 (Elsevier). Brown, Charles, Curtis Gilroy and Andrew Kohen (1982), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Effect of the Minimum Wage on Employment and Unemploymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Economic Literature, 20, 487-528. Burkhauser, Rich ard V., Kenneth A. Couch and David C. Wittenburg (2000), A Reassessment of the New Economics of the Minimum Wage Literature with Monthly Data from the Current Population Survey, Journal of Labor Economics, 18, 653-680. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1994), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvaniaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , American Economic Review, 772-793. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (1995), Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Card, David and Alan B. Krueger (2000), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Minimum Wages and Employment: A Case Study of the Fast-food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Replyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , American Economic Review, 90 (December), 1397-1420. Currie, Janet and Bruce C. Fallick (1996), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Minimum Wage and the Employment of Youth: Evidence from the NLSYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Human Resources, 31, 404-428. Dickens, Richard, Stephen Machin and Alan Manning (1999), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment: Theory and Evidence from Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Journal of Labor Economics; 17, 1-22.

The Human Of Human Cloning - 2049 Words

Human Cloning Nowadays, in the twenty-first century, advances in medical sciences are being more and more common. As people become sicker, scientist try to find the way to solve that prob-lem. There are many series of medicaments, surgeries, and machines that have been develop to satisfy the necessities of modern society. However, all these techniques and options are not enough to cure many diseases or other types of problems such as amputations, transplants, and so on. As a result, scientists try to develop human cloning. Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue, and is not in medical practice anywhere. Moreover, there are two types of human cloning. Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research. 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Making Higher Education A National Priority - 1512 Words

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Jasper Jones Study Notes free essay sample

This late, the architecture is desolate and reached of colour’’ symbolic, suggests of life having been washed out in the town-devoid of colour. †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"She swipes the curtain back, pleased to see me. She even has sunflowers on the windowsill† – Pathetic Fallacy * Miner’s hall – The hall is full of people for the new years fireworks. â€Å"There’s an enormous bonfire in the pebbled car park of the Miners hall, a pyramid of old railway sleepers feeding the flame. Against the wall of the hall, there are crates of fireworks†. â€Å"Behind the hall they’ve shovelled coals into a long hole†. People spill out of the hall like wasps from a hive†. Pg 296. * Inside the cottage- â€Å"The inside of the cottage is dim. Its strange light the colour of egg yolk. The wallpaper is split and faded. Everything smells of dust and turpentine. On my left is a wall hanging of butterflies with pins through their bodies. They don’t look very colourful. The hall mantle is full of photographs and trinkets and doilies† pg 300 – 301. His furniture is very bad â€Å"He gestures towards to ratty coaches by the window† pg 301 * From the outside it is described as â€Å"The yard beyond is scruffy and dilapidated. Along the border closest to the river, where the bush meets the property thick thatches of blackberries press through the rusted wire fence. On the other side towards the cottage, I notice a goat tethered to a star picket and lying on its side†. Pg 300. * â€Å"He’d come in from the back, ducking through his wire fence and started snooping around. † * The wire fence was there as Jasper described himself invading Lionel’s property, symbolising that Lionel may have some secrecy or something he does not want anyone else to see. 3. * â€Å"And so Corrigan remains a town of barnacles† – Metaphor, relates to Miner’s Hall incident. The town of Corrigan is close knit; therefore they cling onto each other – relating back to barnacles. * Pete Wishart, Laura and Eliza’s father, is probably the most hypocritical character in the novel. Whenever Charlie mentions him, he almost consistently remarks that he is the â€Å"Shire President†. Mr Wishart lives in the posh part of town in a lovely home and is a man of influence. Yet he is a drunkard and an abusive, sexually violent man. He has impregnated Laura but savagely beats Jasper Jones in the confines of the jail cell as if Jasper is responsible for her disappearance. In an echo of Charlie’s mother’s misplaced guilt Jasper tells us ‘ he was sticking the boot in most of all. Pissed as a rat and twice as angry. Screamin at me, spittin. Where is she? What did you do? Stinkin of turps, worse than my old man’ (pp. 136-137) * Charlie repeats town gossip that Jasper Jones is a ‘half-caste’, which angers Charlie’s father. When it becomes clear that Charlie doesn’t understand the term his father ‘softened and explained’. (p. 6) 4. Like Jasper, Jeffrey Lu’s family are racial ‘outsiders’. They are Vietnamese Australians during the Vietnam war. Australian men, including those from Corrigan, are being drafted to fight in the war (e. g. p. 125). An – Jeffrey’s father – is an engineer who is sponsored to work on the Corrigan mine. The Lus are subjected to a casual and universal racism. Jeffrey is called ‘Cong’ by the cricket team and his ancestry mimicked ‘Ah, me so solly’. ‘Communist’ is an all purpose slur, also used by Jeffrey. Perhaps it is in an effort to demonstrate their ‘Australianness’,. * The Lus poke fun at the communists too. Their cat is named Chairman Meow and their (swearing) budgie Chairman Wow. Despite their attempts to assimilate, the Lus are blamed for the impact the war has on the town. Sue Findlay attacks Mrs Lu after her husband is killed in the war and her son drafted (p. 128. Mr Buktin’s explanation p. 130). Yet the An family are victims of the war too. Jeffrey’s uncle and aunt are killed in a bombing raid in the war (p. 114) leaving behind orphaned children that the Lus cannot remove from the country. * One of the men who destroys An’s garden has lost his job for drunkenness, yet chooses to blame the sponsored An for his unemployment. He’s involved. He’s red. He’s a red! Fucking! Rat! ’(p. 204) * Jasper says of his status ‘They reckon I’m just half an animal with half a vote’ (pp. 22-23) Indigenous people were not counted in the population census with other citizens until 1967. Instead, they were counted as part of the flora and fauna, hence Jasper’s reference to ‘half an animal’. In 1962 voting rights were extended to Indigenous people under the Commonwealth franchise but voting was not compulsory as it was for other citizens. Hence, ‘half a vote’. 5. 6. Charlie suggests that his father is also an Atticus figure though without Atticus’ courage. ‘He should have been a lawyer, like Atticus Finch. But he’d have to stand up for something then’ (p. 102). Just as Jem and Scout change their views on their father when he squares off against the rabid dog, Charlie sees his father differently when he defends An Lu from his attackers. ‘He stands up, tall and intimidating. He glares with real anger. And I can’t help but feel a blush of pride seeing it. I’ve been wrong about him’ (p. 204). The re is a marked tolerance of alcoholism in powerful figures. Mr Wishart – shire president – is an acknowledged drunk. It does not appear to occur to anyone that his alcohol intake disqualifies him from public office. Eliza says, when Laura disappears, ‘My dad is just trying to be normal, which means, you know, stinking of beer and yelling a lot’. (p. 89) ‘First he just refused to admit she’d gone missing. Now it’s as though he never had another daughter. He’s blocked it all out. He’s blocked everything out really. Which must be easy when you’re drunk all the time’. (p. 173). Wes (Charlie’s father) confirms Eliza’s view of her father’s drunkenness when he says – at the cricket match – ‘I don’t think he moved too far from the bar. He had a few under his belt’ p. 192. The head of the local constabulary, the Sarge, is puking his guts into a drain on New Year’s Eve (p. 244). 7. 8. * ‘Superman fears nothing because outside a few very specific circumstances where he might encounter some stupid rock, nothing can possibly do him in. Batman has the same vulnerabilities as the rest of us, so he has the same fears as us. That’s why he is the most courageous: because he can put those aside and fight on regardless. My point is this: the more you have to lose, the braver you are for standing up’ (p. 54) Charlie explicitly compares Jasper to Batman as they go to confront Mad Jack Lionel: ‘I watch him walk. Straight-backed, chest full of air. And I see it now, just how counterfeit his confidence is. It’s a noise, a distraction, hot air. It’s Batman’s cape, it’s my father’s combover’ (p. 228) 9. * Mentoin when Jefferey swears at his mum, and his mum dosen’t even know what it means 10. * Charlie notices that Eliza’s mode of speaking subtly changes during the course of her ideal. She adopts a slightly more British, clipped pronounciation, presumably in imitation of her idol Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffany’s. 11. * Trust works both ways in a relationship- Charlie and Jasper needs to trust each other in order to be able to work together. â€Å"But you tole me you were in for the pound Charlie and I took your word† pg 294 * â€Å"It’s up to you if you dun trust me or not† pg 294 * â€Å"What have you done† pg 353 – when Jasper sees Eliza in his secret place and he immediately questions Charlie this shows that if there is no trust the relationship can easily be broken. Alcohol is used as a form of escape- Charlie hates the current situation and the weight of everything on his shoulders and he yearns for the need to escape all this responsibility. â€Å"I want to lie back down with Eliza I want to take a small hits of whisky with jasper Jones even just to tip the bottle to me shut lips and pretend I’m suckin g down with him† pg 363 * Family needs to be nurtured with love- Charlie’s mum never received any love from his father and therefore it led to a fall down in family relations. His mother needed love so she went and cheated on her husband. You don’t understand she sobs. Your father doesn’t love me. He never has. You don’t know anything. You don’t know anything at all† * Discrimination leads people to be isolated- Mad Jack Lionel discriminated against Aborigines, â€Å".. David was dirtying the family name† He went against his son’s marriage which only led him to be isolated from his family â€Å"Jack Lionel banished his son from the house. David snatched up some belongings and left willingly† David also got isolated from people because he married an Aboriginal. â€Å"Even David’s mates turned their backs after saying their piece. Eventually they all left him alone. † 12. 13. * To Kill a Mockingbird 14. * A feature of coming of age stories is the transition from a one dimensional view of morals and ethics to a far more complex understanding of right and wrong. The world that reveals itself to Charlie is one in which apparently conflicting views and behaviours enjoy a snug fit and co-existence. poke fun at the communists too. Their cat is named Chairman Meow and their (swearing) budgie Chairman Wow. Despite their attempts to assimilate, the Lus are scapegoated for the impact the war has on the town. Sue Findlay attacks Mrs Lu after her husband is killed in the war and her son drafted (p. 128. Mr Buktin’s explanation p. 130). Yet the An family are victims of the war too. Jeffrey’s uncle and aunt are killed in a bombing raid in the war (p. 114) leaving behind orphaned children that the Lus cannot remove from the country. One of the men who destroys An’s garden has lost his job for drunkenness, yet chooses to blame the sponsored An for his unemployment. ‘He’s involved. He’s red. He’s a red! Fucking! Rat! ’(p. 204)