Sociology--How is the american workplace responding to the needs of Essay

Sociology--How is the american workplace responding to the needs of working parents - Essay Example Although it is stipulated in the Law that for reasons of illness or arrival of a new child, a parent can take an unpaid leave of up to two weeks. However, not many can take the financial risk of enjoying an unpaid leave. This puts lower income families at a disadvantage. In situations where illness of a child happens, one of the parents would be forced to stay at home with the child and not receive income. Working parents who have young children have more issues than those with children who are already grown-up. For one, daycare centers are relatively expensive and it is the parent’s burden to shoulder the expenses. This problem is compounded by the fact that not all workplaces have daycare facilities. This brings a parent trap wherein the working parent has no choice but to delegate the responsibility of childcare to unreliable daycare centers. Although America is one of the most modern civilization which highly values independence, freedom and humanity, its value system on child rearing is undermined. Unlike its European counterparts, America is not taking childcare seriously. In an article published by the Atlantic, it stated that France’s daycare is heavily subsidized by the government since most of European countries highly respect childcare as a national responsibility ( Kornbluh 2003 ). Children are viewed as economic assets in European countries since the future belongs to them. The main issue for working parents now can be summarized as companies must provide additional benefits to working parents since this contributes to employee productivity. Presently, there are only few companies like JC Penny that allows working parents to trade shifts. Another ideal company is Ikea, as reported by American Prospect : Paid leave, child-care assistance, and other benefits are par for the course at some model companies. Ikea, which offers paid sick days, maternity/paternity leave, and time off for

Reaction Paper About UNICEF Cities Failing Children Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper About UNICEF Cities Failing Children Essay As a Filipino and youth of this country, I’ve appreciated UNICEF’s efforts in regards with the children who are in need. It is not easy to aggregate data of the country’s status just to check how are the citizens especially the children are treated and supported by the countries, particularly of their local governments or cities where they are settling. However, the report and data were compiled and reported by State of the World’s Children of UNICEF though it was an article, reported few years ago (March 7, 2012), still it makes me feel uncomfortable and burdened, knowing that many children are deprived of most basic services and necessities that actually they should have. In addition, UNICEF cited Philippines as an example of their article entitled, Cities Failing Children. The report states that children (Filipinos) who live in poor urban even other class of urban communities experience deprivations such as lack of decent housing and limited access to clean water and they are more exposed to disaster risks and are also more prone to neglect, abuse, and exploitation. It proves that our government is not doing the part that they should be performing, like what we have learned from our previous lesson, Power of the State – the three inherent power of state specifically the police power, which states that it is the sovereign power to promote and protect the general welfare; it is the most pervasive and the least limitable of the three powers of the state, the most essential, consistent and illimitable which enables the State to prohibit all hurtful things to the comfort, safety and welfare of the society, these just become meaningless at all for in reality, this power is not being fully exercised and practiced by our government. In my opinion, our government should at least exert extra sympathy or attention with this kind of problems rather than to their own agendas and non-sense conflicts of their parties. I think it is not impossible for the Philippines to cure and solve this kind of problem if we just unite and our government stop their not-so-needed plans because I strongly believe that the true wealth of the nation is the children and next generation, but if this problem continues and will not be given attention, I assume that next coming years will be more hard to live for. Nevertheless, it’s not late to do something for this kind of problem it is just a matter of love, passion and honesty of our government and even of  us that are more blessed than them. Further, I never lose hope that one day Philippine government and possibly with the help of UNICEF, will use the power of the state to build and create a better future for our generation especially for those children deprived of their basic needs or even their basic rights and solve a lot of problem within these children. Therefore, as a Filipino informed of this matter, we should take responsibility to do something for our beloved country. I have learned that I should have not take for granted things that I have because almost half of our population are deprived of the basic needs that I already have. I don’t want to promise anything but I will try to do the best I can to serve and help our nation. Hoping that after few years, UNICEF’s report about Philippines even their report about the world will be better and be full of hope and great future for the people and most of all, for the children.

Comparing One Day In The Life of Ivan Denisovich and The Shawshank Redemption :: Comparison Compare Constrast Essays

One Day In The Life of Ivan Denisovich and The Shawshank Redemption A parent chooses the punishment to correct the child for his or her wrong. The child though is the person that decides whether the punishment will convict and transform him. The child has the power to choose how the punishment will affect them. In both the novel One Day In The Life of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn and the movie The Shawshank Redemption (1994), punishment is given to a person who did not deserve it. Both Ivan Denisovich Shuhkov and Andy Dufresne are found guilty of a crime they did not commit. The prison tries to punish Shuhkov and Dufresne. However, Shuhkov and Dufresne were able to surmount the prison's attempts. Through their mind they were able to weather the guards' futile attempts at breaking them down. In the Russian GULAG (Chief Administration of Correctional Labor Camps), Shuhkov was treated in comparison to an animal. He was fed little and worked hard. The GULAG system did not want the prisoner to have a higher thinking, or purpose. Shuhkov tells the reader, "Yes you live with your feet in the mud and there's no time to be thinking about how you got in or how you're going to get out" (Solz 55). A few prisoners were able to overcome the labor camp's control; Shuhkov and Aloysha the Baptist were two. Shuhkov, a concrete thinker used tangible items to survive the harshness of the GULAG. Aloysha the Baptist, on the other hand, is an abstract thinker. He used his religion to reduce the bitterness of camp. Shuhkov knows little of science or textbook education. For example in his discussion with Buinovsky about the moon, Shuhkov shows he knows very little about astrology, but he knows how to use every resource possible. He says, "'God crumbles up the moon into stars'"(Solz 90). In this passage Shuhkov shows his nature to not waste anything. Shuhkov used everyday to the fullest. All that was thought about was that day, no past and no future. He was supposed to be being punished for military actions. The only thing being punished was his body. His mind was his key to survival of the punishment.

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence Essay examples -- Archit

Religious and Architectural Sites of Florence According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Italy is home to some 60 percent of the world?s most famous works of art.? Of these, one-half are found in Florence (19).? Florence gained most of this collection during the fifteenth century, when the Florentines decided to move back from Gothic fashion to the more Romanesque style of art and architecture.? This return to the Classic style is known as the Renaissance, and Florence was its birthplace.? Renaissance artists prospered greatly on account of the financial support they received from wealthy citizens (such as the Medici family) and the church, which purchased numerous works of art (6).? Further, the Florentines were a people of great civic pride, and found a means of expressing that pride through awe-inspiring monuments and statues of their patron saints (13).? With the will and the means, Florence became the home of many impressive works that have lasted to-date.? In regards to its architecture, Florence was built over many years, being founded as a Roman colony in the first century BC (4).? It is therefore home to many buildings of Romanesque and Gothic style (6).? With the arrival of the Renaissance, buildings were made again in the classic style, which leads to the city?s diversity in architecture.? Similarly, ?many Florentine structures that outwardly exemplify architecture from earlier times also house interiors, typical of the renaissance? (6).? Illustrations of such changes can be seen among those buildings whose construction spanned the time when Florentines shifted from Gothic back to the Classical style. Santa Maria Del Fiore: One such example is Florenc... ...om/eb/article?eu=67262> 15.?The Baptistry?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 ? 16.?The Cathedral?.? Vivifirenze.? 15 Nov. 2003 17.?The Duomo and the Baptistry.? Vivifirenze.? 22 Nov. 2003 18.Weinberger, Martin.? Michelangelo the Sculptor.? New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. 19.Wright-Martin, Linda.? ?Florence ? Art Capital of Italy?.? Italy for Visitors.? 2 Nov. 2003 Sienna, original? Final Bell Tower.? Terrace by Francesco Talenti drawing of the Bell Tower. Source (8) Basilica di San Francesco, Assisi (http://www.bellaumbria.net/Assisi/san_francesco.htm) Giotto?s Tower at the Duomo (Furman, Spring 2000). Source:? (7)

Modern Philosophy Essay

Herman Ebbinghaus has pointed out that psychology and philosophy are intertwined one way or the other. In order for Psychologists to study human behavior, as well as metal process, they must go step back and consider being philosophical. One must be rational and logical when studying this process and behavior, thus going back to psychology’s roots. Towards the end of the Renaissance period, Rene Descartes emerged and was tagged as the father of Modern Philosophy. As mentioned, Philosophy and Psychology work hand in hand in analyzing human behavior. Descartes’ ideas were formed when he said that he found formal education with the Jesuits was not enough to feed his thirst for knowledge and distraught on the lack of knowledge that was fed to him during his college or scholastic days. Because of this he opted to explore and find things out on his own. Descartes strong desire to get answers and fill his doubts with facts and certainties; he spent his time finding ways to unite all knowledge. Though a philosopher, he â€Å"for example, he combined his interests in optics and physiology by extracting the eye of an ox and examining the properties of the lens, thereby discovering the fact that retinal images are inverted (as cited, Vrooman, 1970). † Descartes had four rules: First, he would accept nothing as true unless â€Å"it presented itself so clearly and distinctly to my mind that there was no reason to doubt it† (Descartes, 1637/1960, p. 15). Second, he would take problems and analyze them, reducing them to their fundamental elements. Third, he would systematically work from the simplest of these elements to the more complex, and fourth, he would carefully review his conclusions to be certain of omitting nothing. As a rationalist, he has said that reasoning is innate in humans. The capacity to think and put logic and into, perhaps a situation or event in a person’s life is something that is natural and that people do not rely on just experience. People are given the gift to think and make decisions, and these are made and achieved because of man’s ability to rationalize and think logically. Because he was a scientist and a mathematician, he believed that one must doubt on things that has no basis and can not be explained. Cognitive Psychology deals with mental process or the mental state of a person. For instance, studying or analyzing the mental state of a child. According to Jean Piaget, a person’s mental growth had education as a key role in a child’s mental development. It is said that, it is our teachers or mentors that one develops his perception and thinking, among others. In relation to Ebbinghaus’ study of Memory and Forgetting, experiments have been made in order to analyze a person’s capability to memorize and forget. With the help of research and methodology, and Ebbinghaus’ invention of some tests for memory retention, we begin to understand how memory works and improved. What stuck me most on Watson’s manifesto is his strong point and statement that man’s behavior or contribution has been applied to different facets of life and education. Upon reading this, I realized I believed and agree to his principles and view. Psychology is about behavior and a person’s behavior is linked to how he thinks. There is an array of reasons why a person acts or behaves in a certain way. This may be contributed by life experiences, family background, culture or influences of peers. A person may act differently because of their beliefs as well and their way of living. Behavior is also an expression of one’s feelings and emotions. An art fanatic or an artist may act differently or a little bit off the edge, but to them, their behavior and ways are but normal and they are merely expressing themselves, with the way they talk, dress or even walk. Another example is a person’s cultural beliefs and practices. Because people emerged and come from different races and cultures, they act and behave differently. Cultural beliefs are formed in our minds at very young age. These were passed on to us by our parent or ancestors. And from that very young age, till the time that we grow old, those teachings will remain if not in our hearts but in our subconscious. Even though we move away from our birthplace, one way or the other, in spite the influence of the today’s generation and the ever so changing world, we still go back to our own roots and ways. References (N. A. ). DESCARTES: THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE (N. A.). Chapter 10: JOHN B. WATSONAND THE FOUNDING OF BEHAVIORISM

To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essays

To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essays To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essay To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification Essay Aim To find the best position of a lens to give the best magnification. Theory There are two basic types of lenses, convex lenses and concave lenses. A convex lens is also called a converging lens and a concave lenis is also called a diverging lens. Convex lenses are thicker in the middle than at the edges and concave are thinner in the middle than at the edges, which is exactly the opposite. The diagram below shows some examples of both types of lenses. Diagram 1 If a beam of light is directed parallel at a convex lens then the light is brought to focus by the lens. If the beam of light is directed along the lens axis (the line through the centre of each surface), the rays are brought to a focus on the axis at the focal point of the lens. The focal length (f) of a convex lens is the distance from the lens to the point where the rays are brought to a focus. Diagram 2 If a beam of light is directed parallel at a concave lens then the light rays are made to diverge from the lens. The focal length (f) of a concave lens is the distance from the lens to the point where the rays appear to diverge from. Diagram 3 Ray diagrams are used for showing how images are formed and predicting where the image will be formed. For simplicity, rays are shown bending at the line through the middle of the lens. In reality, bending takes place at each surface. Examples are shown below. Lenses are made up of a large number of small-angle prisms. Keep all the previous information in mind, at distance h from the optical centre P of a lens, (see diagram below). If a paraxial ray (a ray that is close to the axis that is making small angles with it) parallel to the axis changes angle when heating the lens there is always going to be a small deviation (D) after. Since the lens is small angled and is refracted trough the principal focus then the tangent of a small angle equals the small angle in radians, D=h FP Diagram 4 Now look at the diagram on the next page. If a paraxial ray from O is incident on the lens at distance h from the axis, it must also suffer deviation (D). Since all rays suffer the same amount of deviation. In the triangle IOM, the exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the interior opposite angles. Converging Diverging D=?+? D=?-? D=h h D=h h OP IP IP OP Therefore FP OP IP FP IP OP The above formula explains how we get; 1 1 1 where u=object distance v u f f=image distance v=focal length Diagram 5 Magnification is defined as: magnification (m) = image height object height and image height image distance object height object distance magnification = v u=object distance from lens. u v=image distance from lens Prediction From all my preliminary work, which was done on an applet at school, I predict that as the object moves towards the lens, the image becomes farther away (from the lens) therefore the magnification will increase. Variables In my experiment there are three key variables, which are: Object distance, which is the independent variable. Control variables are the variables that are changed. I will change the object distance of the lens. Image distance, which is the dependent variable. The dependent variable is the data collected, so in this experiment it will be the image distance. Focal length, which is the control variable. Control variables are the factors, which help to keep the experiment a fair test. In this experiment the control variable is the focal length. Safety Precautions To protect myself from any danger a few tasks have to be done. * Be careful with the power pack the ray box is connected with. * Do not hold the light bulb since it gets very hot. * Do not shine the light in your eyes or anyone elses. * Do not break your lens. Fair Test To make sure the experiment is fair a few factors have to be taken into consideration. To make it a fair test then I will use the same ray box, same metre ruler, same slide, same lens and the same screen. To make the experiment accurate and to prevent anomalies I will repeat the whole experiment at least three times and take an average reading. Equipment Lens Screen Ray box Slide Metre Ruler Method 1. Set up the diagram as shown below. 2. Move the object closer to the lens and measure the image distance as well as the object distance. 3. Calculate the magnification. 4. Repeat step 2 several times and repeat the experiment three more times and take an average reading. Diagram Preliminary work My preliminary work was done using a java applet that can be found on the following website:http://members.nbci.com/-XMCM/surendranath/Applet.html. My results are shown below. OBJECT DISTANCE (mm) IMAGE DISTANCE (mm) MAGNIFICATION (mm) 200 200 1 180 225 1.25 160 266.7 1.7 140 350 2.5 120 600 5 100 10100 101 80 -400 -5 60 -150 -2.5 Actual Experiment results. OBJECT DISTANCE (Cm) IMAGE DISTANCE (Cm) MAGNIFICATION (Cm) 10 Infinity (INF) Infinity (INF) 15 Infinity (INF) Infinity (INF) 16 200 12.5 18 118 6.5 20 65 3.25 22 53 2.409 24 41 1.7083 25 40 1.6 26 37 1.42 28 33 1.179 30 30 1 45 22 0.48 45 22.5 0.5 Measurements have been converted to metres. U 1/u (1/u) 2 V 1/v (1/v) 2 1/u?1/v 0.16 6.25 39.063 2 0.5 0.25 3.125 0.18 5.5556 30.864 1.18 0.8475 0.7182 4.7081 0.2 5 25 0.65 1.5385 2.3669 7.6923 0.22 4.5455 20.661 0.53 1.8868 3.56 8.5763 0.24 4.1667 17.361 0.41 2.439 5.9488 10.163 0.25 4 16 0.4 2.5 6.25 10 0.26 3.8462 14.793 0.37 2.7027 7.3046 10.395 0.28 3.5714 12.755 0.33 3.0303 9.1827 10.823 0.3 3.3333 11.111 0.3 3.3333 11.111 11.111 0.45 2.2222 4.9383 0.22 4.5455 20.661 10.101 42.491 192.55 23.324 67.353 86.694 U is the object distance independent variable. V is the image distance dependent variable. Plot (1/u) along the x-axis. Plot (1/v) along the y-axis. Graph See graph paper. Ex = E 1/u = 42.491 Ey = E 1/v = 23.324 Ex2 = E (1/u) 2 = 192.55 Ey2 = E (1/v) 2 = 67.353 Exy = E (1/u?1/v) = 86.694 x =Ex/n =42.491/10 =4.2491 y = Ey/n = 23.324/10 = 2.3324 Sxx =Ex2 nx2 =192.55-10?4.24912 =12.0015 Syy = Ey2 ny2 =67.353-10?2.33242 =12.9510 Sxy = Exy-nxy =86.694-10?4.2491?2.3324 =-12.4120 Least Squares Fitting Gradient = ? =Sxy/Sxx =-12.4120/12.0015 =-1.0342 Formula for line of best fit. (y-y) = ?(x-x) y=?x+y-?x Intercept =y-?x =2.3324-(-1.0342?4.2491) =6.7268 Therefore, y=-1.0342x + 6.7268 Since y=1/v x=1/u 1/v= -1. 0342/u + 6.7268 1/f = 6.7248 f = 0.14865m Analysis The first two points are left out, as it was impossible to accurately locate the image. I will do a least squares analysis on the remaining points. The object distance against magnification graph forms a curve. This curve represents exactly what I had predicted that the nearer the object is to the lens the better the magnification. The graph that shows the relationship between 1/u and 1/v shows a negative correlation of points and this means that as the object distance decreases the image distance increases. I had one difficulty when doing the experiment and that was the judgment in measuring the distance from the lens to the image (1 cm error) and from the object to the lens (0.5 cm error). Theoretically the best magnification should be when the object distance is nearest to the lens but before the focal point. This is represented in the experimental results above. Evaluation I think my plan worked out because I got the results I expected to get. My results for my experiment are quite accurate and reliable but there is a marginal error. My experiment could be improved if I used a tape measure instead of a ruler because there was a marginal error in measuring the object distance and image distance. The first two points were anomalous. I think that if I did the experiment again I could change the focal length.

Print-On-Demand vs Offset Printing Which Is Better (with Examples)

Prints) Print-On-Demand vs Offset Printing: Which Wins? This is a guest post by Jessica Ruscello, a copywriter at Blurb, Inc. Jessica is also a writer, teacher, and photographer who makes her mark with empty coffee cups, ink spills, and red lipstick.The last ten years- even the last five- have seen game-changing developments in printing technology. Even if print-on-demand has been around longer than that, we’re now seeing these digital machines produce exquisite quality (depending on which service you use). Advanced inkjet technology now creates pages and covers that are nearly identical to those created with traditional offset printing, offering incredible advantages to self-publishers.How can you make sure you're getting the most return out of it? Let's find out.How print-on-demand works (in 6 steps)Choose your format. From coffee-table books to magazines to trade paperbacks, print-on-demand is compatible with any format you’d find in a bookstore. The more copies you order, the more cost-effective customization becomes (hi gher volume order makes it possible to try different endsheets, ribbon markers, or cover styles). That said, standard commercial sizes and papers are readily available across printers.Create a properly formatted book file. Your PDF (or another print-ready file) will stay with the printer and can be called up any time an order is placed for your book.List your book on major bookselling sites. You can do this using a â€Å"print-on-demand distributor† like KDP Print (for Amazon), IngramSpark, or Blurb.Every time someone orders your book, the order is sent to the printer. Digital printers print and assemble your book all in one place.The book is shipped to the retailer, who forwards it to your reader. In some cases, the customer will be able to get the print book in under one hour!Your reader pays the retailer. Your retailer will then send the net revenue to you (after deducting printing costs and retailer discounts- read more about these below). 100+ Client Services Pricing - $16.00/copy (Not including taxes or shipping) 1000 Copies Offset Printing - $7.50 /copy (Includes approximate shipping to US)Don’t overlook offset printing because of the large upfront costs, and don’t overlook print-on-demand, which offers greater speed, quality, and innovation than what has been available at any other time in print history. Whichever one's better for your project, there's no doubt that print-on-demand has done so many exciting things for book-makers, creating more options for beautiful end products.Have you tried offset printing on one of your books? What has been your experience with print-on-demand so far? Leave your thoughts (as well as any questions for Jessica) in the comments below.

Monologue †Juliet Essay Example

Monologue – Juliet Essay Example Monologue – Juliet Essay Monologue – Juliet Essay The potion that lies in my hands will save my marriage with dear Romeo. Bid me leap, rather than marry Paris! O how I feel so wound up and fearful for what I have to go through. This potion shall make me live an unstained life to my sweet love Romeo. I’ve received this substance from dear Friar Laurence. Before I take this I will need of many orisons for I am very concerned for the future events. What if nothing goes according to plan and I will never get to see my beloved Romeo. There’s a fearful point. O how troubled I feel! What if the mixture does not work at all? Why my life is my foe’s debt. What more is there to fear? No other Capulet, no other Montague have love for each other, all is hatred and bitterness. How can my only love as a Montague live a life with I being a Capulet. This story will have no happy ending for the world as my mind is filled with distress and sorrow of how life goes. What if this substance from Friar was to have me murdered? But why? He is the one who married Romeo and I secretly. In this potion, Friar could have put absolutely anything to have me dead, if so. Why must it be? . O God knows when we shall meet again. What if the given poison to have me dead, but how such a holy man do so? For he is neither for the Capulet’s or the Montague’s. How I feel so pleased for someone not to be full with hate. We are star-crossed lovers. Oh Lord, from the first touch, sight and thought of Romeo it was indescribable. Finding out he is a Montague on that night left me with shock and distress. How will this ever have a happy ending? Every past event between the two families has been out of argument, disagreement, selfishness and detestation? O God how my only love, sprung from my only hate! This much do I know, that is the way life plays out I am his and he is mine, I feel so content and blissful when I think of his name. Im like a rose that cannot bloom bright red without it’s cherish of Romeo’s water. Nevertheless, my life is falling apart out of this disbelief between two families. Does Paris know that I am not willing to marry him? Why do my dear Father and Mother force me to marry Paris when I do not desire him to be my husband. This can’t go on. Allowing the Church regarding such marriage under constraint is immoral and invalid. Why can’t they understand what this could lead me into. I am full of anger and despair for my parents not being aware of this. O Goodness I almost want to die and stop all the sorrow that fills my heart. There is only one thing to do. To consume this poison and hope it will save my marriage with Romeo. I will not marry Paris! And as on Wednesday which is tomorrow, I will be in a deep sleep for which looks like death. No pulse, no warmth, no breath, shall testify that I live, I talk in sorrowful words. My rose in my lips and cheeks will fade to wanny ashes. This poison will appear like death, it will continue two and forty hours. So when I awaken from deep sleep, the letters will be passed onto dear Romeo and everybody else will think I’m dead. He will apart from Mantua to free me from the tomb. O God how much I can ever thank Friar, I do hope that I will awaken before the time that Romeo comes to rescue me. I am so young! I am the youngest of them all. Why do I have to suffer so much pain! I will take this poison for I don’t want to be in any more distress. O God, bid me come to thee, for I shall rest until the new morn is born, so very excited for the upcoming event! O Romeo, Romeo, wait for me, for I long to live a life with thee!

GENE THERAPY, HUMAN GENOME PROJECT, CLONING Assignment

GENE THERAPY, HUMAN GENOME PROJECT, CLONING - Assignment Example These retroviruses then help to code for the infected DNA which can then form or remove a gene accordingly. In general there are two types of gene therapies known as the germ line therapy and the somatic gene therapy. In germ line therapy a gene is directly inserted into the egg or sperm so that the gene is incorporated into the original genes. In somatic gene therapy the genes are inserted into the somatic cells which are spermatozoa and ova cells (Kelly 2007). Gene Therapy has yet not proved to be successful but it can be used in hereditary diseases such as cancer and nervous tissue disorders. Although gene therapy drugs have yet not been introduced in the market as a full, China has allowed a gene therapeutic to be allowed in their market to treat cancers. Gendicine is the name of the drug which can be used for treating cancers in China. Gene Therapy is originally targeted for diseases like leukemia, anemia, hemophilia and other cancers (Guo & Xin 2006; Peng 2005). Human Genome Project was a project launched in the year 1990 by international authorities to find out the sequencing of the human genome along with the identification of the chemical base pairs. The project was completed in 2003 and helped to know much about the structure of the human genome. It is this human genome project which helped to know a lot about the structure of chromosomes, the proteins coded by the genes, and the number of genes in a human being. Human Genome Project has had worldwide recognition but many of the individuals living in the world have also become concerned regarding the results of the project. In some of the societies the project is not ethically accepted because of different reasons. Many individuals believe that the results of the project would help the scientists to make their way through to cloning and other experimentation involving human beings. It is this Human Genome Project which can further excel the

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 18

Essay Example Creativity can only be hindered if the creative person thinks he is being led into hindrance. Since he is a creative person, he must understand that the rules of decision making and problem solving are there to assist his creative abilities and not to take anything away from his self belief and creativity. If the energies are exerted in a positive manner, then there is no shadow of a doubt that these decision making and problem solving approaches would work to the advantage of the creative process which is all about understanding and comprehension of a subject or matter. The out of the box approach could be fastened up if the principles of problem solving and decision making are followed in a methodical manner. Creative persons are usually not very good group members but what is good about them is that they analyze things from different perspectives and ways. It gives them a better picture of the overall process than a single side of the story which a commoner might have. The creative people that I know are divided into the set of being good group members as well as the ones who are not social and hence do not make for a good read when the talk goes out loud of working within a single group, for the betterment of the group nonetheless. The girl ABC that I know is a good group member when she works in unison with different people yet she is creative out and out. My friend XYZ does not like to mingle with people yet his creative thinking abilities are undoubtedly the best in the advertising industry. It is all a matter of different people working in different settings. The important thing is to get the best work out of them no matter whatever their personal likes and dislikes are. The thing which makes people creative is the fact that they do and act differently from the rest of the population around them. Thus there is ample opportunity for them to demonstrate what

Science, Health, and Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science, Health, and Wellness - Essay Example From the arguments set forth by Lisa Katic, it is evident that the GMA does not claim any responsibility for the prevailing obesity epidemic. To the contrary, she asserts that the GMA is going out of its way to promote healthy lifestyles among its consumers. The GMA believes that restricting access to unhealthy foods not only interferes with consumer’s choice but is also difficult to implement. For example, no food item is unhealthy per se; the quantity consumed, the frequency with which it is consumed and the pre-existing health condition of the consumer are all factors that determine if a particular food item is healthy or not. Hence, the GMA believes that blankly labeling foods as unhealthy does not make sense. A better approach to tackling obesity and overweight, the GMA believes, is through educating the consumer about what comprises a balanced and optimal diet, and letting the consumer make the choice themselves. This way the burden of responsibility will be on the consumer as it rightly should be. After reading through the GMA’s argument in its entirety, one can easily see that their actions in terms of manufacture and marketing of food products are ethically sound. It would be hasty to judge them as responsible for the widespread obesity problem that exists. But to the GMA’s credit, and as a mark of their concern for their consumers’ health, its allied institution the American Council for Fitness and Nutrition (ACFN) has come up with several innovative programs. These include Vermont Fit and Healthy Kids Initiative, The Carol M. White Physical Education for Progress, The 5-a-Day Better Health Program, Kidnetic.com, America on the Move, etc. When seen in the contex t of this plethora of initiatives Lisa Katic’s testimony to the Vermont House Committee is definitely a step forward in tackling

Should juvenile be tried as adults Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should juvenile be tried as adults - Case Study Example After Jory and Jeremy left Scorchers the four men followed them to their car, where they attacked and robbed them. The scene turned violent when the men shot both Jory and Jeremy at point blank range. The suspects fled in a stolen car. Jeremy was shot in the head and shoulder and later passed away. Jory, shot in the back of the head, remained in critical condition at Metro Hospital, with bullet fragments lodged in his body. Seventeen-year-old Rafael King turned himself in the next day, and the police soon arrested the other three suspects in connection with the shooting. Rafael King was the youngest of all the suspects in the case, but had a long criminal history from the time he was twelve-year-old boy. Rafael is now awaiting trial for his role in this violent incident. The question has been raised whether Rafael should be tried as an adult or be given the considerations afforded a juvenile. When making the decision as to the appropriate court to try teenagers that are under eightee n, we should consider a certain set of standards before trying them as an adult. One of the first considerations that are examined in the case of a juvenile, potentially tried as an adult, is the type and severity of the crime. Cases that are exceptionally violent or result in a death are often the ones most likely to be sent to adult court. Children as young as 12 years old have been tried as adults in some states, and "nineteen states allow capital punishment for 16- and 17-year-olds, and more than 70 juvenile murderers are on death row" (Grace). According to Hernandez, "If a juvenile commits one of 30 felony offenses spelled out in the law, ranging from murder to witness intimidation, the law allows prosecutors to send the case to adult court" (3). This is an indication that the public is willing to lower the age requirement when a capital crime or serious offense is involved. According to Steinberg, "Most reasonable people agree that a small number of offenders should be kept out of the juvenile system because they pose a genuine threat to the safety of othe r juveniles, because the severity of their offense merits a relatively more severe punishment, or because their history of repeated offending bodes poorly for their ultimate rehabilitation" (1). The severity of the crime brings in several aspects and considerations. As Steinberg points out, housing a criminal that is capable of heinous violence is beyond the capability of the juvenile holding system. They are minimum-security facilities that are not designed for maximum security situations. There can be no reasonable expectation that the public will spend the millions of dollars required to overhaul the juvenile jails and make them more secure. It is more likely that they will continue to transfer these cases to adult court, where they can be housed without being a threat to the juvenile population. While the current crime and its magnitude is a prime consideration, the juvenile criminal's prior record needs to also be examined. If there is a long history of criminal activity that includes violence, then this could be a candidate for a transfer to an adult court. The philosophy behind the juvenile court system was to provide an environment where a youthful offender could be rehabilitated and reenter society as they grew into adulthood. State laws call for juveniles to be released at the age of 18 or 21 years old, and the juvenile records are sealed. In this way, the offender is given a

Native Americans in Oregon 1800 - 1900 Research Paper

Native Americans in Oregon 1800 - 1900 - Research Paper Example Such rebellions led to loss of lives. This state of affairs also culminated into strikes like the ‘Trail of tears’. The results of these were poverty, outbreak of disease and loss of cultures. Following these unwelcoming events, a number of human rights campaigners and leaders such as Chiefs emerged to take up an important role of fighting for the rights of the Native Americans (Moton, pp.473). In 1860, there was a Civil war among self governing civilized tribes inside their territories .This was between those who were not sure who to support and who not to support. Others went to the North and others to the South. During such period, Red Cloud emerged as a Sioux Chief who was directly linked with the plain Native Americans transitions. He was a ferocious combat commander and a political leader, who was brave and fought without fear. He was born of white parents, but raised in the Native lands. He was determined to serve the Native Americans inhabitants homeland from invasion of white people. During this period he led the Native American warfare against the establishment of the Bozeman Trail (Douglas, pp.45). During his leadership, he led the Native Americans in offering resistance against the United States government. He was unwilling to allow the people to suffer from being pushed out of their lands. Under his leadership there were a series of attacks along forts trails, and this effort was one of the most successful offensives that were carried out in Native Nature. He led in the designing of a draft of Fort Lwamia treaty of 1868 that led to the possession of western half of South Dakota. He also opposed the movement of gold seekers and settles to the Black Hills. More so, he led a number of peaceful meetings and negotiations. In the beginning of 1870 an Okmulgan council was formed which was a federated structure to welcome and incorporate Native American protection and elevation from the plains. The

Argument For and Against Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay

Argument For and Against Banning Smoking in Public Places - Essay Example As the essay highlights there is no one who is against someone being allowed to smoke. However, there is an issue that affects those around the smoker. Arguments are cited in favor of banning smoking in public places as can be seen forthwith.This paper discusses that the first reason is that the resulting secondhand smoking is harmful to the health of people. The first argument has used examples which may not be necessarily accurate. This is use of fallacy to support an argument. It has assumed use of citation from reliable sources. The second reason is that secondhand smoking is more harmful to the health of children. The fallacy prominent example is a petition to authority that is unknown. There is no source of argument in the examples. There should be a valid and reliable assumption. The other reason is that in spite of having a smoking area, smoke spreads all over other places. In this reason, there is the use of analogy that is strange- the example of food coloring. The fallacy applied is the assumption in an analogy that is not correct. The other reason factors other negative effects like the smell of the smoke. There is the fallacy of quick generalization at this point. This is in the example of the clothes holding bad smell. It is assumed that when going out to several places smoke is the only thing not accepted by individuals. Smoking in public places exposes the environment into a dangerous situation. There is the fallacy of begging the question and assumption that fire can result from cigarette butts.

Horizon ElectroniX is a start-up business located along Cardiff Bay Coursework

Horizon ElectroniX is a start-up business located along Cardiff Bay - Coursework Example It will also carry mobile phones and tablets. The Marketing strategies will focus on people who prefer higher-end electronic pieces. This particular market is perceived to put great importance in their entertainment equipment and is open to spending and investing in these items for greater value and long-term use. They prefer quality versus price, yet they will demand for value-for-money qualities. Horizon ElectroniX is a business under sole proprietorship. The owner shall also perform the duties of a Chief Executive Officer, working with department managers and their staff. He will employ personnel who will be trained to perform their assigned duties, and create a corporate environment where there is ownership and pride in the business. The main business strategy is to form solid partnerships with distributors and manufacturers to be able to implement promotions and marketing activities that are beneficial to both parties. The Purchasing, Inventory and Marketing Departments hold key responsibilities in ensuring the success of the company. Further, after sales or customer service is given as much regard as sales. Management sees that they key to keep the clients coming back is to have a highly skilled, knowledgeable and reliable after sales team to assist the customers in their requirements. Horizon ElectroniX is envisioned to be the market leader in computer, electronics and gadgets within Cardiff, UK. By focusing on its strengths, its customers and the underlying values that they need, the company will establish market presence and reach gross sales to ?5M for the first three years of operations, while also improving on gross margins on sales and cash management and working capital. II. INTRODUCTION – HISTORY AND BACKGROUND Horizon ElectroniX was created on the assumption that information technology is not an inherently a do-it-yourself prospect. Each gadget or electronic piece comes with a manual, whose contents are often not friendly to those not tec h-savvy. Often times, new owners need the help or guide of an expert who will walk him through each function and characteristic, to enable them to enjoy and maximize each unit’s use. Clients who are not exactly computer hobbyists need to find quality vendors of reliable hardware, software, service, and support. They see these trusted vendors as allies, whose professional expertise are even worth more than the gadget itself. The owners and management wishes to position Horizon ElectroniX as such a vendor. It aims to serve its clients as a trusted ally, to provide them with the loyalty of a business partner and the economics of an outside vendor. Management wants to make sure clients have what they need for their personal consumption, and also to run their businesses, with maximum efficiency and reliability. Many of the company’s information applications are mission critical, so the management endeavors to give the clients an assurance that our after sales teams are alwa ys available to serve them. The company’s keys to success are as follows: 1. Offering after sales and service support with applicable charges. This puts premium into the company brand as a retailer. 2. Its strong inventory management policies. Horizon Electro

Argument For and Against Banning Smoking in Public Places Essay

Argument For and Against Banning Smoking in Public Places - Essay Example As the essay highlights there is no one who is against someone being allowed to smoke. However, there is an issue that affects those around the smoker. Arguments are cited in favor of banning smoking in public places as can be seen forthwith.This paper discusses that the first reason is that the resulting secondhand smoking is harmful to the health of people. The first argument has used examples which may not be necessarily accurate. This is use of fallacy to support an argument. It has assumed use of citation from reliable sources. The second reason is that secondhand smoking is more harmful to the health of children. The fallacy prominent example is a petition to authority that is unknown. There is no source of argument in the examples. There should be a valid and reliable assumption. The other reason is that in spite of having a smoking area, smoke spreads all over other places. In this reason, there is the use of analogy that is strange- the example of food coloring. The fallacy applied is the assumption in an analogy that is not correct. The other reason factors other negative effects like the smell of the smoke. There is the fallacy of quick generalization at this point. This is in the example of the clothes holding bad smell. It is assumed that when going out to several places smoke is the only thing not accepted by individuals. Smoking in public places exposes the environment into a dangerous situation. There is the fallacy of begging the question and assumption that fire can result from cigarette butts.

Goals and Objectives Tied to Mission and Value Statements Essay Example for Free

Goals and Objectives Tied to Mission and Value Statements Essay Apollonia have their goals and objectives tied to their mission and value statements. They ensure goals and objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. This is crucial in their business because it is a high demand, and with a plan to follow and the ability to recognize the point that they achieve success. They update their goals and objectives when necessary, as business plans always have an ending date. The goals they set for the first year of business varies from the goals and objectives for year three or year 10. The planning stage is important in their business to make a good events location and a good restaurant for people to come to. Although planning is crucial in developing a good service, marketing is probably the most important aspect of their business. Their aims say that it is important to retain their existing customers base while growing the restaurant by attracting new customers. An example of a marketing goal might be to attract new customers from a particular area. Near or far. They include using social media to engage potential customers in conversations about food. They offer deals to come try out their food, sometimes free, sometimes deals that could benefit the potential customer. Aims and Objectives Apollonia have their goals and objectives tied to their mission and value statements. They ensure goals and objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. This is crucial in their business because it is a high demand, and with a plan to follow and the ability to recognize the point that they achieve success. They update their goals and objectives when necessary, as business plans always have an ending date. The goals they set for the first year of business varies from the goals and objectives for year three or year 10. The planning stage is important in their business to make a good events location and a good restaurant for people to come to. Although planning is crucial in developing a good service, marketing is probably the most important aspect of their business. Their aims say that it is important to retain their existing customers base while growing the restaurant by attracting new customers. An example of a marketing goal might be to attract new customers from a particular area. Near or far. They include using social media to engage potential customers in conversations about food. They offer deals to come try out their food, sometimes free, sometimes deals that could benefit the  potential customer. Aims and Objectives Apollonia have their goals and objectives tied to their mission and value statements. They ensure goals and objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely. This is crucial in their business because it is a high demand, and with a plan to follow and the ability to recognize the point that they achieve success. They update their goals and objectives when necessary, as business plans always have an ending date. The goals they set for the first year of business varies from the goals and objectives for year three or year 10. The planning stage is important in their business to make a good events location and a good restaurant for people to come to. Although planning is crucial in developing a good service, marketing is probably the most important aspect of their business. Their aims say that it is important to retain their existing customers base while growing the restaurant by attracting new customers. An example of a marketing goal might be to attract new customers from a particular area. Near or far. They include using social media to engage potential customers in conversations about food. They offer deals to come try out their food, sometimes free, sometimes deals that could benefit the potential customer.

The Relationship between Drugs and Crime

The Relationship between Drugs and Crime Drugs: their use, misuse and connections with crime In this dissertation I would like to argue that the study of crime and drug use is complex. There are a number of diverse factors that lead people to misuse drugs; these are a mixture of social, psychological and economic factors. Age and gender are significant statistically but insufficient research has been carried out to explore these issues fully. In this dissertation we will consider how people acquire a physical and psychological dependence on drugs. We will look at the pressure that can be placed upon susceptible individuals by dysfunctional families and peer pressure. Other factors that will be explored are whether personality traits or hereditary factors play a significant role in drug misuse and any consequent criminal behaviour. It is also clear that there is a correlation between crime and drug taking but again this link is not clear-cut. It will be necessary to consider if there are factors that predispose people to deviant behaviour and drug misuse or if one factor leads to another, and if so in what direction. We will consider at some length what is being done to ‘police’ drug crime and conclude that although much is being done it is a difficult and growing area, needing the intervention of specialised crime agencies, such as the Serious and Organised Crime Agency (SOCA). We will conclude by considering that a great deal more research needs to be done to help understand this complex issue but that there are a number of areas where useful investments could be made. The first is in the provision of more skilled people to act as drugs counsellors, in order to help lower demand for drugs; the second is to co-operate with international bodies in forming policy to fight the global drugs business and co-operate internationally with enforcement agencies; the third is for enforcement agencies in this country to act in partnership with each other and outside agencies to help disrupt the supply of drugs by removing its supplier and their money and reducing demand by helping drug-users to fight their addiction. Only when all these measures are acted upon will any significant headway be made in the ‘war on drugs’. Definitions Before we embark on our explorations, I would like to define how I will use the term drugs in this dissertation; I intend to define drugs as psychoactive drugs; this is any chemical that ‘alters perceptions and behaviour by changing conscious awareness’. However, I will exclude recreational drugs that are accepted by society, particularly alcohol. The reason for this is to enable me to achieve a tightly focused argument within the limits of the word count. There is a great deal of research on alcohol abuse; much of it mirrors the misuse of other drugs, however, there are some significant differences, which would broaden out the argument too much. In this dissertation we will restrict ourselves to drugs that are outside of society’s approval. The drugs we will consider in this work fall into four categories: depressants, stimulants, opiates and hallucinogens. The depressants include alcohol, barbiturates and solvents. Stimulants work by increasing the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain; they include cocaine, MDMA (better known as ‘ecstasy’), and amphetamines. The next group of drugs, opiates have been known since the time of the ancient Sumerians; in 4000BC they named the plant that produced resin from its unripe seedpods, the poppy. From this resin come the opiate drugs. These depress neural functioning, suppress physical sensation and responses to stimulation, which is why the codeine and morphine versions of this drug are used as substantial painkillers. Hallucinogens are the final group and contain LSD, PCP and cannabis. In this dissertation, once we have considered what leads initially to drug use and misuse, we will look at the link between drugs and crime. I have defined above what I mean by drugs, I’d now like to define what mean by crime. Such a definition is not easy to establish. There is perceivable difference between the definition made by a research psychologist and a lawyer; one has a highly conceptualised definition, the other a legal one. In this dissertation, I will use Glen Walters definition of crime. In his book Drugs and Crime in Lifestyle Perspective, he defines it as ‘a rule breaking behaviour that, if known to legal authorities, would result in the rule breaker’s being charged with a criminal offence punishable by law’. Size of drug problem It is not an easy task to accurately record how many people take these forms of drugs on a regular basis. A National Survey on Drug Use and Health, undertaken in the United States in 2003, revealed that an estimated 3.7 million people had used heroin at some point in their life. It also revealed that 119,000 had used heroin in the month before the survey. It is perhaps encouraging that the British Crime Survey reveals that drug taking in this country amongst 16 to 24 years olds has decreased since 1998, although it has increased in people form 16to 59. A United Nations report, published in 2005, estimated that 200million people, or approximately 5% of the world’s population, aged15-64, have used drugs in the last year. Whichever figure is correct, the number of people who abuse drugs is large. In terms of the criminal side of crime, this is an increasingly difficult problem to deal with. The illegal market for drugs is immense, which attracts the attention of large organised crime groups. It is likely that dealing with this problem will be a major part of the work done by the new Serious and Organised Crime Agency. A major area that will need to be looked at is how to disrupt the flow of drugs into the country; this will be a complex undertaking. Using Cocaine as an example, the drug originates in Latin America, principally Columbia. Its then taken first to a secondary country such as Spain, Portugal or West Africa, and finally funnelled into the UK via France, Belgium or the Netherlands. Although, Jamaica, the Caribbean Island closest to Latin America, which also has a significant immigrant community in England, provides a more direct route into this country for drugs. Clearly, this means that the Immigration and Customs and Excise departments also have an important part to play in policing this ‘industry’. The structure of the argument In chapter one we will look at the physical, psychological and environmental factors that lead to addiction of abusive substances. In chapter two I will consider whether there is a link between addiction and crime; we will also consider the implications of the illegal drugs market on policing. In chapter three I will discuss the prevention strategies that exist. Finally, I will conclude by explaining that although it is possible to come to some conclusions in our study, it is difficult to come to a definitive conclusion due to the amount of research material and its complex and often contradictory nature. Chapter 1: The road to drug use and misuse Introduction In this chapter we will consider the factors that lead to drug use and misuse. We will consider how attitudes in general concerning drug use have changed and how this has led to a greater acceptance of taking medication. We will also consider the psychological factors that could contribute to a person first falling prey to drug use. There is evidence that socioeconomic factors may be significant and we will explore this idea; we will include a consideration of the increasingly sophisticated ‘marketing’ methods used by the sellers of illegal drugs. Finally, we will conclude that although there is a great deal of information on the subject of why people begin taking drugs we will see that it is very difficult to draw a conclusion from the information available. We cannot offer conclusions only suppositions. Changing attitudes to drugs People have been using drugs for a great deal longer than it has been considered a problem. Tammy Salah suggests that drug use has been prevalent since ancient times (Salah, p6). However, significant major changes have occurred in the pattern of drug taking in the last four decades. In the 1950s very few people indulged in any form of drug, other than alcohol or cigarettes, however, this situation has gradually changed until we have become a drug using culture. A number of reasons have been suggested for this change. Some have suggested that the increase in taking drugs for medicinal purposes altered people’s general attitude towards taking drugs; as they acquired the perception that a pill could cure physical problems and mental illness, they accepted the possibility that a pill could be used to counter other problems; others advocated the idea that in the 1960sand 70s people, particularly Americans, were exploring new life-styles, many had an increased amount of leisure time and looked for new activities to fill them, one of those ways to fill the extra hours waste recreational use of drugs. Roads to addiction This increase in drug abuse led to problems with addiction as people acquired a physical dependence on these substances. Gradually, after taking the drug for some time, a person acquired a tolerance, so needed more and more of it to achieve the same effect. They also reached a stage where cessation of the drug in the system led to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. At this stage they are said to have acquired physical dependency on the drug. However, this is not the only form of dependence that can arise; it is also possible to acquire a psychological dependence. This can occur particularly if a drug is used to reduce anxiety; even though no physical dependence occurs, the feeling of being without anxiety is addictive, which makes the drug addictive for psychological reasons. Dependence on alcohol can begin this way, the drink can acquire appositive reinforcement if it used to reduce stress, however, the more it is used the more the dependence becomes a physiological one. This is one of the most popular contemporary views of why humans self-administer potentially lethal drugs. It is believed that these chemicals activate the reinforcement system in the brain. Other natural-enforcers such as food, water, sex etc. also activate this system. It is possible to place drug users into at least two categories. One group of drug users take drugs for the effects they have on the senses; this group has been described as ‘novelty seekers’; the other group uses drugs to help them cope with other problems, they use drugs ‘as if they are anti-anxiety or anti-depressant substances’. One could conclude that this is the explanation for the apparent plethora of contradictory information as it would be counterintuitive to suggest that the same factors lead to these two models. Bio psychologists have done some of the most recent research into the development of an addiction. Their work is interesting because it is admix of physical and psychological scientific methods. It is important to consider their work, as it could have a significant effect on treatment and preventative programmes for the misuse of drugs. An article that appeared in the journal, Addiction, in 2001 suggests that addicts are not motivated to take drugs for the pleasure they provide, or the desire to avoid the unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, but because once drugs have been used the person develops changes in the part of the brain that render the ‘rewards systems’ and it becomes hypersensitive. These are not the parts of the brain that deal with pleasure or the euphoric effects of drugs but a subcomponent of reward; the study renamed them incentive salience or ‘wanting’. This leads the drug addict to develop compulsive behaviours in relation to drug-seeking. The researchers suggest that this sensitization leaves addicts susceptible to relapse long after they discontinue their drug use. It is also clear that some people become sensitised very quickly but others much more slowly. Another interesting aspect of this research is that the self-administration experience plays a significant part in the process, so that if the context is repeated in the future, even after drug misuse has ceased, the person will experience the compulsion to take the drug. This can happen years after the person has ceased to take drugs. A number of interesting facts resulted from this study that could affect our understanding and treatment of drug misuse. One interesting factor is that it is not saying that drug addiction is caused by chemical changes in the brain, what it is saying is that environmental factors have an equally significant effect as pharmacological ones. This factor is important as it has an effect on how to treat addiction. Another interesting factor revealed is that the brain processes involved in addiction are those that determine wanting not pleasure. This makes nonsense of the theory that the reinforcing factor connected to drugs is pleasure; drugs can become addictive in the absence of pleasure at taking them. This means that an unconscious motivational process can promote the act of taking a drug; this would explain why addicts, who report they are ‘miserable, that [their] life is in ruins, and that even the drug is not that great anymore’ are still ‘bewildered by the intensity of their compulsive behaviour’. However, it is interesting to note that even the authors of this study recommend caution; they accept that studies carried out on animals may not give the same results in human addicts. A great deal of interest has been shown by researchers concerning what, if any, personality characteristics make an individual more susceptible to become addicted to drugs. No individual personality type has been shown to predispose a person to drug misuse; however, people who score highly in tests for social conformity are less apt to misuse drugs. On the other hand, those who as children were rated by their class-mates as being impulsive, inconsiderate, lacking in ambition, with poor work habits, as adults were more likely to smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs than children not described as having those characteristics. Glen Walters concurs with this conclusion. He suggests the only positive evidence he has seen relates to some forms of early anti-social behaviour that affect a person’s future chance of abusing drugs and that this isn’t enough to provide a conclusive link. However, as already mentioned one must exercise caution concerning the conclusions reached from these studies as most of this research has been conducted on people with pre-existing problems, so one cannot be entirely certain that the characteristic did not result from the addiction rather tamper-date it. An obvious area to consider, particularly bearing in mind that the majority of drug misuse is done by the young, is the influence of, and relationship with parents. A study by Baer and Corridor in 1974suggested that children whose parents had showed little interest in them, or had used excessive physical punishment during their early childhood, were more likely to misuse drugs. Glen Walters confirms this when he quotes studies that reveal children who suffered parental rejection, either physical or mental, are more likely to indulge in deviant behaviour, including drug abuse. He suggests that a lack of attachment leads to an inability to fully ‘empathize with and relate to others’. Another study undertaken in 1972 revealed that people from home with conservative, traditional values were less likely to misuse drugs, than those from a more permissive and liberal home. However, it is not necessarily the parent’s values that contributed to the misuse of drugs but the potentially easier access to them. Ironically, coming from a ‘disrupted’ family (one where divorce or death has interrupted ‘traditional’ family life) does not seem to be factor in drug abuse in individuals. Parents are not the only group to have a significant influence, person’s peers can be equally important as an encouragement to misuse. The more substances a person misuses, the more friends they are likely to have who misuse substances themselves. However, again, interpretation of this can be problematic. It is difficult to know if these people have more friends who misuse because they have influenced them, or that the explanation is that they prefer to socialise with people with ‘pastimes’ most like their own. Walters concurs that although it appears that people are strongly influenced by their peers, it is difficult to provide evidence to confirm this conclusion. It is also important to bear in mind that although some people may be affected by the relationship with their parents (or lack of it) and influenced by their peers to act in a delinquent manner, the majority of people, under these circumstances, do not become delinquent or drug abusers, so these reasons are not sufficient in themselves to explain this anomaly. There are many links between deprivation, social exclusion and drug misuse. Amongst the factors that predispose someone to misuse drugs: the use of legal drugs in early life, school non-attendance, unemployment, history of public care, parent criminality and substance misuse, use of illegal recreational drugs. It is difficult to ignore the fact that ‘impoverished urban areas’ have higher rates of crime and drug abuse than more affluent areas. It almost certainly comes as no surprise that drug abuse rates are higher in areas where drugs are easily available, generally run-down urban areas. It is not difficult to believe that bleak circumstances can lead people to seek ‘escape ‘through drugs. Crime is also highest in these areas and it is easy to jump to the conclusion that these are linked; however, this link cannot be directly proved. The age of drug users is statistically significant, they are predominantly young and male, and may be getting younger. In the Home Office survey referred to above, arrestees who were drug users were more likely to be 25 and over, however, amongst men the numbers testing positive in the 20-24 age group was seen to be increasing significantly over the period of the research. This finding is repeated in the British Crime Survey. This demographic trend is also seen in the USA. Survey in 2003 by the National Institute on Drug Abuse recorded that in the previous year 314,000 people had used heroin; of that number the largest group were over 26, however, the same report recorded that from1995 to 2002 the number of new users varied each year from 121,000 to164,000 and of these 75% were 18 or over. More worryingly, the American survey recorded significant and stable levels of heroin abuse amongst school age children. The However, drug use seems to ‘peak’ at the age of 20. As we have seen, most of the users of heroin in the American survey were young men. The gender balance amongst drug users in England is also predominantly male, however, things could be changing, a Home Office crime survey showed a higher proportion of women testing positive for opiates than men 43% of women arrestees compared to 34% of men. Although the British Crime Survey suggests that the number of women taking drugs has stabilised. Tam Stewart suggests that their partners often introduce women drug users to drugs; they take them to ‘please’ their man. It has been argued that drugs have been ‘radicalized’ and that the perception is that black men are more likely to be offenders, and, therefore, more likely to be stopped by the police, than white men. It’s true that cannabis is widely used by the Caribbean community. However, much lower proportions of black men take heroin. The question that hasn’t been raised thus far is the question of hereditary. Glen Walters reports that a number of research papers, using data from family, twin and adoption studies, have been studied that seem to suggest that there is a genetic link in drug abuse. However, he concedes that these studies are difficult to interpret because it is difficult to take into account whether environmental influences have made a bigger impact than genetics. Salah also concludes that genetics may be a factor but that external and internal stimuli are more likely to account for drug use and abuse. Tam Stewart challenges all these explanations of what makes someone abuse drugs. She claims, ‘Heroin respects no barriers of class, race, religion or profession. There are junkies of 14 and 40’. She concedes that the majority of drug users come from poor and inadequate backgrounds; however, the fact that there are abusers from all categories suggests that poverty and inadequate family background cannot be the whole explanation. She suggests that one of the initial factors for people who take drugs is curiosity. Another factor that must be taken into account is that drug sellers are becoming more sophisticated in their marketing techniques and use disturbing methods of introducing people to the misuse of drugs. A ‘traditional’ method, bearing in mind drugs addictive qualities, was for street sellers to give ‘free samples’ to people who had previously never used illegal drugs. They soon became addicted to the substances and the seller had created a new buyer for his goods. However, with the increasing use of the Internet new ways of selling and marketing products have arisen. Buying a drug over the net is a much ‘easier ‘route into the drug scene, particularly for the socially shy and/or conservative middle-class teenager; the drugs are just as addictive but seem almost ‘legitimate’ when bought in the same way they buy their books and music CDs. However, a person acquires an addiction to drugs, it is clear that when they do it is not just a personal problem but also a societal one. We’ve looked at some of the reasons that may predispose someone to use and misuse drugs. In the next chapter we will consider what, if any, links there are between drug misuse and crime. Chapter 2: The links between drugs and crime Introduction Numerous studies have shown a link between drug abuse and crime; there are high crime rates amongst drug abusers and high drug-use rates among offenders. In this chapter we will consider the evidence that suggests link between drug misuse and crime. We will see how there is a great deal of evidence that shows a correlation but a link showing exactly how the two factors are related is much harder to find. We will also consider the types of crime most related to this problem and consider ways that have been used to tackle the problem. Causal links Earlier in this dissertation we have discussed how drugs are addictive and it has been suggested that it is this addiction that leads to crime. Drug use leads to ‘compulsive drug seeking’ and use. This compulsion fuels three types of drug related crime: crimes of supply, crimes committed to obtain money to buy drugs, or where the effects of drugs lead the user to act in a criminal way, for example dangerous driving or acts of aggression. The suggested theories to understand why people take drugs also falls into three categories: the moral model; the disease model and the behavioural model. There is statistical evidence of a link between drug use and crime. An on-going survey financed by the Home Office records the link between the misuse of drugs and offending. During the study 3,064 arrestees were interviewed and tested for drug use at eight police custody suites in England and Wales. This was repeated at the same sites two years later. Approximately 50% of those arrested were included in the study; juveniles and those arrested for alcohol related offences were excluded. The majority of those interviewed were white males and 90% of these agreed to undergo urinalysis. Urinalysis can detect drug use over the previous few days; in this study they were tested for six types of drugs were tested: Cannabis, opiates (including heroin), cocaine(including crack), benzodiazepines, amphetamines and methadone. Clearly these percentages are significant. A major finding of the research was that 65% of those arrested tested positive for drugs, around a third tested positive for opiates and/or Cocaine; less than 10% were positive for amphetamines and just under50% had injected heroin. Clearly this reveals a link between drugs and crime but on this alone they cannot be said to cause crime. During the interviews, however, around 90% of those who tested positive for class ‘A’ drugs reported they had committed property crimes as a result of their addiction in the last twelve months. Research carried out in other countries show similar findings. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics in the US, 50% of the inmates in US prisons in 1991divulged that they had used illegal drugs in the month prior to their arrest and 30% admitted that they were under the influence of an illicit drug when they committed their offence. An interesting finding is that offenders who abuse both illegal drugs and alcohol commit more criminal activities that those who only abuse an illegal drug. It is hard not to conclude that criminal activity is linked to drug taking. There are no clear causal links, however, between drugs and crime, despite much research on the subject that has shown that there are links between drugs and offending. A briefing paper for the Criminal Justice Social Work Development Centre for Scotland argues that ‘hanging around’ with those that do risky things, may ‘encourage or require the passage into various forms of crime to generate funds for purchasing drugs’. The paper argues that a further problem is that drug misuse leads to further financial and social difficulties; these in themselves generate more crime. A survey done amongst a Scottish young offender’s institution revealed that 95% of its inhabitants admitted taking illegal drugs. Yet again this Scottish survey does not give satisfactory explanation for this result. It has been suggested that there are two explanations for this apparent correlation between crime and drug abuse. The first suggests that drug use adversely affects a person’s ‘mood, judgement and self-control’; the second we’ve already mentioned, that is that the high cost of drugs leads the user to commit ‘economically oriented crime’. However, even these explanations are not entirely satisfactory. In the case of the first it is true that drugs can affect people in the way mentioned, however, not all people who take drugs experience these effects uniformly; second not everyone who takes drugs and experiences these symptoms commit crimes; therefore it is not unreasonable to argue that another factor must be involved. The second argument also holds true for the idea that the need to keep oneself supplied with drugs leads to crime. Glenn Walters tries to resolve this conundrum with his ‘lifestyle theory of human decision’. The three ‘Cs’ defines life styles: conditions, choice and cognition. In this theory he concludes that drug abuse and criminal activity are interrelated lifestyles. Walters believes that conditions do not cause drug abuse or crime directly but they influence behaviour by increasing or decreasing a person’s options in life. Walters concludes that choice is a very important explanation of the link between drugs and crime; criminal drug users behave in the way they do because they have made a rational choice that it is in their best interest to do so. Although he does not conclude that thesis the only explanation. It is clear from current research that young offenders have particularly high risk for developing ‘problematic drug use’, this is partly due to their use of class ‘A’ substances and to taking drugs intravenously. A Home Office survey, published in 2004, records that injecting drugs escalates both the health risks to the user and the social problems that go along with it. Amongst the arrestees studied for this report, around 65% used heroin and these were the most persistent offenders. Interestingly, one study in the US has suggested that there is no real correlation between drugs and crime. It is argued that because drug abuse and crime are not evenly spread across age groups, it is possible that they are not directly connected. There are a number of potential arguments for this. Firstly, is that it is possible drugs and crime follow a similar but coincidental age progression; secondly, it is possible that that these problems arise because of an underlying pattern of general deviancy; a final explanation is that the statistics show that the supposed link is actually a manifestation of low self-control making the person more liable to contravene social norms. However, none of these explanations are verified by research. Michael Hough in his review of drug related literature for the Home Office suggests that a distinction should be made between drug users and people with a heavy dependency, it is the latter group that is most likely to be involved in crime. Policing the problem Regardless of the causal links between drugs and crime, it undoubtedly causes major problems for the police service, enforcement agencies and the communities they serve. A Home Office report published in 2003 on the subject of ‘Crack’ begins by pointing out that ‘uncontrolled crack markets have a propensity for violence and intimidation that affects whole communities’. The report goes on to suggest that this problem haste be dealt with on two fronts: the supply of drugs to the drug addict has to be cut off and the demand for them reduced. During the last decade much work has been done in partnerships between the police another agencies, as these are considered the most successful ways to deal with the problem. These strategies aimed at reducing the demand for drugs will be discussed in the next chapter; in this section we will consider the response of law enforcement agencies. It is necessary at this point to consider in more detail what types of crime is committed by people misusing drugs. Much drug-connected crimes non-violent, more concerned with acquiring the money to fund the misuser’s addiction; these would include crimes such as theft, forgery or prostitution. However, CJSW’s briefing paper suggests that drug’s misuse can lead to violent crime in one of two ways; these are, (1) the effects of the drug can lead to aggressive behaviour, and, (2) violence can be used when committing the acquisitive crimes mentioned above. The paper makes it clear that these links are very much dependent on what type of drug is being abused. A study from the United States suggests that cocaine, particularly in the form of crack, can lead to violence, as can the use of barbiturates and amphetamines. However, overwhelming evidence suggests that the mostly likely addictive substance that will lead to violent outbursts from the abuser is alcohol. The area that would produce the best ‘return for money’ would be to stop the arrival of drugs into the country in the first place. The raw ingredients for most traditional drugs are not produced in this country; therefore, they have to be imported from abroad. Increasingly, the enforcement agencies in this country are assisting the international fight against drugs. Government is also helping address these issues, offering to help disrupt the opium harvest in countries like Afghanistan. The new SOCA has announced plans to have agents stationed abroad to assist in this disruption. Clearly, this is a major issue that requires serious measures. Much of the response to drug motivated crime has been met with moral outrage and dealt with accordingly; we will look at this in more depth later in the dissertation. The drugs industry is large and profitable, which is what makes it necessary to respond to this problem from a number of different appropriate directions. An article in the Economist published in 2001,states that ‘if only it were legitimate, there would be much to admire

The Black Death :: Disease, Plague

The Black Death was one of the deadliest pandemic that hit Europe in history. The Black Death first emerged in the shores of Italy in the spring of 1348 (Gottfried,1). The plague came from several Italian merchant ships which were returning to Messina. Several sailors on board were dying of an unknown disease and a few days after arriving in Messina, several residents within and outside of Messina were dying as well (Poland 1). The Black Death was as deadly as it was because it was not limited by gender, age, or species. The Black Death was also very deadly because it could attack in three different forms: the bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic plague. Even though the bubonic plague can not be transmitted among humans, it was the most common of the three plagues. The bubonic plague occurs when fleas feed on the blood of infected rodents, which are usually rats (Poland 1). The bacterium that causes the infection is known as Yersenia Pestis. The fleas then pass the bacteria when they bite a human or when materials infected with Yersenia pestis directly enters the body through a wound. The names of this plague come from the swellings, also known as buboes, that appeared on a victim’s neck, armpits, or groin (Gottfried,1).The lymph nodes suddenly become painful and swollen with pus especially in the groin. Later, the skin splits and oozes pus and blood. Blood also comes out of the victim’s urine which, like the rest of the symptoms, smells horribly. These swellings (also known as tumors) could be as small as an egg or as big as an apple. Even though some people survived this disease, others would have a life expectancy of a week. The septicemic plague was transmitted in the same way as the bubonic plague. The septicemic plague was transmitted with direct contact with a flea bite. The only three hosts in which the disease could live in were in humans, rats, and fleas (Inspecta 1). Inside the rat flea, the bacteria Yersenia pestis multiply inside the flea which in turn, blocks the flea’s stomach causing it to be very hungry. As a result, the flea starts biting the host vigorously which in turn would spread the plague to the host. Since the bacterium is still blocking the flea’s stomach, the flea would still be hungry and therefore it would continue to bite other humans until it starves to death.

Louis Brandeis and Jewish Political Identity :: Zionism Louis Brandeis Jewish Identity

Louis Brandeis and Jewish Political Identity â€Å"Whence comes this combination of qualities of mind, body and character? These are qualities with which every one of us is familiar, singly and in combination; which you find in friends and relatives; and which other doubtless discover in you. They are qualities possessed by most Jews who have attained distinction or other success. In combination, they may properly be called Jewish qualities. For they have not come to us by accident; they developed by three thousand years of civilization, and nearly two thousand years of persecution; developed through our religion and spiritual life; through our traditions; and through the social and political conditions under which our ancestors lived. They are, in short, the product of Jewish life.† – Louis D. Brandeis Louis Brandeis makes an inspirational plea to the educated Jews in this passage, calling on them to push for the establishment of a Jewish home. Zionism, a movement which came about very recently in Jewish history, pushed on with power through the early twentieth century fueled by the past. As Jewish identity was stretched thin between geographical association and religious affiliation, Jews found themselves struggling for national recognition. Louis Brandeis, in A Call to the Educated Jew said â€Å"the glorious past can really live only if it becomes the mirror of a glorious future; and to this end the Jewish home in Palestine is essential. We Jews of prosperous America above all need its inspiration† (Glatzer 713). Brandeis’s depiction of Jewish qualities is, more than anything, a call to understand Jewish identity. As a proponent of Zionism, Brandeis recognized the importance of unity, and tried to bring Jews together in identifying their characteristics: â€Å"†¦qualities with which every one of us is familiar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Glatzer 707). In the United States, a country whose Jewish population was composed of Jews from other nations around the globe, a sense of strong identity was of singular importance. These treasured qualities of mind, body and character â€Å"†¦may properly be called Jewish qualities.† (Glatzer 707). Brandeis redefines the meaning of â€Å"Jew† for those who had lost themselves in immigration and overwhelming anti-Semitism. So what can we understand about Jewish identity from this piece? Brandeis does not shy away from the importance of Jewish history. In fact he lauds it as the impetus behind the outstanding qualities which the Jews of his day possessed. â€Å"†¦They have not come to us by accident; they developed by three thousand years of civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Glatzer 707).

Assignment 1 Essay

Professor Identify the pros and cons of the partnership as a form of ownership. Discuss funding options for small businesses. Determine and discuss how managerial accounting can help managers with product costing, incremental analysis and budgeting. Discuss the basic components of the marketing process using a product or service of your choice as an example. Discuss the roles of social responsibility and technology in the marketing function. A partnership as a form of ownership is formed quite simply. When two or more people get together and come to an agreement on what type of business to take part in, then all parties share investment, profit, and of course loss. Let’s discuss the pros and cons ofa partnership. Pros, one of the many things all investors would like to see out weight the cons in anything they are engaged in mentally, physically, and of course financially. First of all, one pro would be how easy it is to create a partnership. You simply get with at least one other person come to an agreement over all the business details, and â€Å"BAM† you have a partnership. Some people are comfortable in erbal agreements but I personally would suggest you get all your partnership details on a written legal document Just in case. Funding is another advantage toa partnership. When two or more people come together to form a business partnership money is invested from all parties involved in turn the business has a stronger financial backing to support it. Not only will the business have a strong financial backing all partners invested may have access to outside money to support the business even further along. One of the best advantages in being in a business partnership is shared responsibility. Shared responsibility is crucial in a successful business and of course partnership. When the business starts to get a bit heavy you can hand it to your partner or partners to carry the work load for a while. You can also look to your partners for moral support when you may think things aren’t going as stated in your business plan. So far we have heard the pros ofa business partnership but like every bandage that fixes that painful spot you eventually have to pull it off. Cons, the opposite of Pro, the many things that all business investors need to know before investing but never want to hear. You may be thinking since it was a breeze to create this business partnership the rest will come as a breeze. You could your mind; everyone who is a partner is liable for all debts. You and your partners are all Jointly or individually liable for all debts accumulated by the business. For example, let’s say your partner or partners are taking the profits the business is making and gambling with it. Your partners blow away all the profits on poker games and skip town what then, that’s right you are still liable for any debt accumulated by the business. Another obvious con is your business partners will want to share the rofits made by the business. You can’t assume when the business makes profit everyone will agree on saving it. Your partner or partners may want to buy cars, houses, or maybe boats. You don’t have total control of the business. Business decisions are made Jointly not on your own. You may run into disagreements that in turn create the other partner to leave the business, or even lead to buying out the other partner. Pros and cons are a great way to see if you’re the, â€Å"partner type†, if so make sure you pick the right partner or partners for your business. There are many ther factors in owning and running a business. For example, in order to get your business off the ground you have to find the money to do so. Debt financing is one way you can start up your business. Debt financing is simply going to a bank that knows you have good credit, a good standing history with them, and apply for a small business loan. In the current economy most banks can be very hesitant to offer you the loan so another way is equity. Selling a share of your business meaning you aren’t solely in charge or will now be sharing the profits may be scary, but it can help you start up your business. After starting up your business you now have to manage the business or appoint someone for the Job. Managing the accounting is a great way to stay on top of product cost, and budgeting. Managerial accounting is detailed data used for inside members of a company. Managerial accounting includes things like cost of the product, cost of shipping, cost of employee benefits, cost of turnover, basically every number available to you and your partners. You can determine if you have the budget to raise wages for your employees to boost employee morale. Each business owner can use the data to do their Job better. You can go to your losses data and determine if your employees are stealing from you. Then determine how much more security you will need in order to prevent product loss. If you or your manager for your business needs to determine if their product was set at the right price they could view the sales data to see if the supply met the demand. If you see that one of your items hasn’t been selling very well you can set it at a lower price or you can Just order less of such product. If you see you sold a lot of a particular product you can raise the price as you see fit. You now know if you are the partner ype, you know a couple ways to possibly fund your business, and you know how to manage your data and budget. How are you going to get costumers through your door or buying your product? How will you market yourself? Let’s use my dream business as an example. I would like to open up a caf © lounge that serves fair trade coffee, craft beer, and fine wines. In order for me to make any kind of better profit for my business I have to market my business. You have to give the people what they want in my case I would produce amazing cups of coffee. My business would offer a coffee with better taste, and appeal. My coffee would be made with love and not thrown at you in the pickup line simultaneously saying, â€Å"NEXT†. My caf © lounge would major downtown street. Location is important for my caf © lounge so doing a little research of the area by visiting throughout all times of the day to see the amount of traffic the area receives is crucial. Then maybe you can ask around the nearby stores to see if customers purchase a lot of coffee. You can even go to the nearest coffee shop and see what coffee and vibe they offer and simply ask the locals what kind of coffee they like or would like to drink in what kind of atmosphere. After finding your target market, a great location, building your business, affordable product pricing, and setting your hours of operation it is time to promote your business. You can put ads in the local newspaper, ads in local magazines, and maybe even do a commercial broadcast in the tri county area. You will have to set your product apart from all the other competitors. For me coffee is all about personality, process, and taste. In order to retain customers your employees have to be personable, professional, and building customer relationships. Then there’s process, customers will see you make heir drink every step of the way making it an enjoyable experience. Lastly is taste, my employees being highly trained baristas will make you a drink to your satisfaction in a timely fashion all the while maintaining a welcoming atmosphere for my caf © lounge. Having the best tasting coffee and vibe may do Justice but for long term business it may not be enough this is when you bring in the events. Doing special events with your business such as charities, open mic nights, acoustic Jam sessions, and book clubs is a great way to attract more customers and maintain current ones. Internet is your best friend. Creating a website for your business is an amazing marketing play. It allows your customers to have 2417 access to information, and product choices. You can post updates on new product arrivals, special events, and specific information for each product you offer. The best part about having a website is they can look you up anywhere in the world that offers internet. Another great marketing strategy is purchasing ad space on other websites like a grocery franchise or sports sites. Green marketing is another great way to market your business. Customers love knowing your business is eco friendly by recycling, or using recycled aterial. By simply pushing customers to buy coffee to drink in house rather than take away conserves paper cups in turn less garbage. If customers choose to take to go anyways inform the customers all your paper products are recycled and recyclable. Offering organic treats to eat along with their coffee can promote a green business as well. In the end knowing everything there is to build, manage, and market your business your goal is to have long term profitability. You want to exceed customer satisfaction, you want to blow away the competition, and be prepared for even harder competition in the future.

Newell Company †Corporate Strategy Essay

How does the corporate office contribute towards Newel’s performance or in other words what value does the corporate office add? †¢Newell had adopted to develop its product line through key acquisitions rather than internal growth. All acquisitions are taken care at the corporate level so that the divisions are not diverted from their core function of generating profit. †¢Potential target firms undergo an intense screening process. They have to be par with company’s existing performance criteria †¢They bring up acquired companies by developing them to become cost efficient through operational strategies and creating profits within a period of 18 months. Some are done with a period of 6 months of time. Newell also have strict control for the time the customers pay, this is within 30-45 days †¢Corporate tightly controls the finances, yet it allows brand and division president autonomy to guide the performance of the business. †¢Corporate office does a good job of seamless linking of its structure, system & processes (SSP) with its businesses and resources. †¢The company attaches great importance to customer relations frequently inviting buyers for plant visits. †¢The companies Newell acquires have potential but undervalued. These companies are suffering because they do not have major clients and there overhead costs are high. †¢Newell focused on good communication within the company and had numerous meetings throughout the year in order for leadership roles to remain informed about other aspects of the company. Division leaders convened several times a year for presidents’ meetings as well as the ability for regular encounters at trade shows throughout the year. †¢Other forms of communication were bracket meetings and the monthly collection of operating figures. Bracket meetings were implemented if there were too many variances within the budget.